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. 2018 Mar 13;8:4453. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22737-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of local cytochalasin D delivery on optic nerve head filamentous actin content. (A) Total Cyt D (ng) detected in the anterior 2 mm of optic nerve after surgical delivery, normalized to the total protein (mg) content of the anterior 2 mm optic nerve per animal. Note the significant reduction in Cyt D delivery to the optic nerve in the absence of optic nerve sheath fenestration (n = 2, 2, 3, 3 from left to right). (B,C) Montage of normal anterior optic nerve and superior retina, labeled with fluorescent-labeled phalloidin (filamentous actin maker) and DAPI (nuclear maker). The superior ONH is identified by the white box. (D,E) ONH after sham (pledget soaked in vehicle only) delivery and 1 mM Cyt D delivery to the junction of the superior optic nerve and globe. (F) ONH F-actin content assessed by fluorescence intensity measurement of fluorescent-labeled phalloidin after sham (n = 4) and 1 mM Cyt D delivery (n = 6). *p < 0.05. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean. A–P = anterior-posterior; a.u. = arbitrary units; BM = Bruch’s membrane; BV = blood vessel; Cyt D = cytochalasin D; F-actin = filamentous actin; Inf. = inferior; ND = none detected; ONH = optic nerve head; ONS = optic nerve sheath; RGC = retinal ganglion cell layer; RNFL = retinal nerve fiber layer; Sup. = superior.