Fig. 4.

Normalized transcript levels for selected I. orientalis DEGs determined by RT-qPCR. Transcript levels (fold changes) for DEGs are shown relative to levels in I. orientalis before ethanol stress. Bars represent mean values ± S.D. for three biological replicates. DEGs are grouped by function. a DEGs associated with the ergosterol pathway. b DEGs associated with the trehalose pathway. c DEGs associated with responses to stress and stimulus. d DEGs associated with heat shock proteins (HSPs). e DEGs associated with the ubiquitin–proteasome proteolytic pathway. f DEGs associated with meiosis, sporulation, and ascospore cell wall assembly