Fig. 10.

Arctic amplification is more closely associated with polar cap temperature than annular mode or warming in the Barents–Kara seas. a Surface temperature anomalies associated with the negative phase of the NAM, b difference in surface temperature anomalies associated with positive PCT at 1000 hPa and the negative NAM, c Northern Hemisphere surface temperatures trends in era of AA (1990–2016), d association between surface temperature anomalies across the NH and in the Barents–Kara seas. Climatological averages computed over the period 1981–2010. Note differences in scales. Hatching in all figures represents those values found to be statistically significant above 95%. We also tested for field significance in plots a, b, and d and the differences were found to be highly significant. Ocean mask was applied south of 60° N