Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies in the meta-analysis.

Study Source	Study duration (weeks)	Study arms	Randomized participants, N	Mean age (years)	Men (%)	Baseline BMI (kg/m2)	Baseline HbA1c (%)	Mean duration of diabetes (years)
Simultaneous combination of SGLT2i and DPP4i in drug-naïve or metformin failure patients
DeFronzo 20158	24	Empagliflozin 25 mg qd + linagliptin 5 mg qd + metformin	134	57.1	53.7	30.6	7.90	NR
		Placebo + linagliptin 5 mg qd + metformin	128	56.2	50.0	30.6	8.02	NR
Lewin 20159	24	Empagliflozin 25 mg qd + linagliptin 5 mg qd	134	54.2	52.2	31.8	7.99	NR
		Placebo + linagliptin 5 mg qd	133	53.8	56.4	31.9	8.05	NR
Rosenstock 201510	24	Dapagliflozin 10 mg qd + saxagliptin 5 mg qd + metformin	179	53.0	47.0	31.8	8.92	7.1
		Placebo + saxagliptin 5 mg qd + metformin	176	55.0	53.0	31.8	9.03	8.2
Sequential combination by adding SGLT2i in patients uncontrolled with DPP4i
Fulcher 201611	18	Canagliflozin 300 mg qd + DPP4 inhibitor ± insulin ± OADs*	111	62.7	73.0	32.3	8.00	13.2
		Placebo + DPP4 inhibitor ± insulin ± OADs*	102	63.9	59.0	32.3	8.10	12.5
Jabbour 201412	24	Dapagliflozin 10 mg qd + sitagliptin 100 mg qd ± metformin	223	54.8	57.0	NR	7.90	5.7
		Placebo + sitagliptin 100 mg qd ± metformin	224	55.0	52.7	NR	8.00	5.6
Mathieu 201513	24	Dapagliflozin 10 mg qd + saxagliptin 5 mg qd + metformin	160	55.2	43.8	31.2	8.24	7.2
		Placebo + saxagliptin 5 mg qd + metformin	160	55.0	47.5	32.2	8.17	8.0
Søfteland 201614	24	Empagliflozin 25 mg qd + linagliptin 5 mg qd + metformin	110	55.4	64.5	29.9	7.97	NR
		Placebo + Linagliptin 5 mg qd + metformin	108	55.9	55.5	29.6	7.97	NR

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; N, number; NR, not recorded.

*Metformin, sulfonylurea, thiazolidinedione, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, or other antihyperglycemic agent.