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. 2018 Mar 13;8:4448. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22791-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Renal hypoxia is insufficient in anemia of prematurity. (a and b) Pimonidazole-positive hypoxic area at P14 was broader than that at P7 (n = 6). (c) Renal tissue O₂ partial pressure (PtO₂) at P7 was higher than that at P14 (n = 6). (d) The mRNA expression of HIF-regulated genes, VEGF and SDF-1, increased from P7 to P14 (n = 4). (e) Neonatal kidneys at P7 were capable of increasing EPO production in response to hypoxia of 10% oxygen (n = 4). (f) Primary renal cells obtained from kidneys at P14 showed higher oxygen consumption rate than those at P7 (n = 6). Error bars indicate SEM. *P < 0.05 by t-test. n.s., not significant. Scale bars denote 100 micrometer. In the graphs of mRNA expression, arbitrary unit is used for vertical axis.