Table 1.
Characteristics and Cognitive Findings From Included Studies (n=14)
| Author | N | Sampling Framework | Follow‐up | Cognitive Assessment | Key Findings | Risk Variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decline | ||||||
| Comijs, 200915 | 50 T1, 90 T2, 84 T3 | Population‐based cohort | Maximum 6 y | MMSE, RCPM, ACT, AVLT (immediate and delayed recall) |
Significant decline in memory (immediate and delayed recall) and information processing speed No significant change in global cognitive function |
N/A |
| Rajan, 201416 | 1187 | Population‐based cohort | Mean 4.2 y (SD 3.9) | East Boston Test (immediate and delayed story recall), Symbol Digits Modalities Test, MMSE (total and orientation scores) | Significant decline in global cognitive function | Increased risk of decline among black patients compared with white patients (all tests) |
| Ghosal, 201428 | 283 | Population‐based cohort | Maximum 3 y | MMSE (Bengali version) | Significant decline in global cognitive function | Global impairment more common in women, higher age of onset of stroke, and people with higher depression scores |
| Levine, 201325 | 151 | Population‐based cohort | Mean poststroke follow‐up of 3.6 y for women and 3.4 y for men | Modified MMSE (3MSE), Word‐List Delayed Recall of the Spanish and English Verbal Learning Test (SEVLT) |
No significant change in global cognitive function or verbal memory No significant overall sex differences |
No effect of systolic blood pressure on global cognition |
| Reitz, 200626 | 97 | Population‐based cohort | Maximum 5 y | Orientation (MMSE items), Boston Naming Test, Controlled Word Association Test, category naming, Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Evaluation (Complex Ideational Material and Phrase Repetition), WAIS‐R similarities subtest, nonverbal Identities and Oddities subtest of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, Rosen Drawing Test, Benton (matching), Benton Visual Retention Test and the Selective Reminding Test |
Significant decline in memory No significant change in abstract/visuospatial or language |
Significant decline in memory in men and abstract/visuospatial in APOE*E4‐negative patients |
| Ben Assayag, 201522 | 298 | Hospital‐based cohort | Maximum 2 y | MoCA and computerized global cognitive score (including memory, executive functions, visuospatial perception, verbal function, attention and motor skills) | Significant decline in global cognition in those taking longer to complete the TUG | Multivariable model: Age ≥75 y, TUG score >12 s at 6 mo after stroke, MoCA score 6 mo after stroke |
| Tene, 201623 | 306 | Hospital‐based cohort | Maximum 2 y | As above | Significant decline in global cognition, memory, executive functioning and visuospatial in those with higher admission and six‐month GDS scores; attention also declined in those who had higher GDS scores at 6 months | Multivariable model: MoCA score at hospital admission, age ≥75 y, GDS score ≥6 (admission and 6 mo after stroke) |
| Toole, 200418 | 5364 | Population‐based cohort | Maximum 6 y | 3MS | Significant decline in global cognitive function | Left‐hemisphere (highest decline) and right‐hemisphere strokes |
| Stability | ||||||
| Kohler, 201219 | 3214 | Population‐based cohort | Maximum 4.5 y | CERAD verbal fluency and recall (immediate and delayed) tasks | No significant change in verbal fluency, immediate or delayed recall | Not reported |
| Rowan, 200727 | 126 | Unclear | Maximum 27 months | CAMCOG and the Cognitive Drug Research computerized battery | N/A | No significant decline in global cognitive function when stratified by homocysteine levels |
| Dik, 200024 | 53 | Population‐based cohort | Mean 3.1 y (SD 0.2) | MMSE, AVLT (immediate and delayed), Coding Task (information processing speed) | No significant change in global cognition, memory, or information processing speed (adjusted models) | Lowered risk for global cognitive decline for APOE*E4 carriers (not significant) |
| Recovery | ||||||
| Leeds, 200120 | 83 | Hospital‐based cohort | Maximum 3 months | CAMCOG‐R, Weigl color form sorting test, Raven's matrices | Significant improvement in global and executive function | Depression influenced executive function and CAMCOG‐R scores |
| Wagle, 201021 | 104 | Hospital‐based cohort | Mean 408.4 d (SD 41.2) | RBANS and MMSE |
Significant improvement in visuospatial/constructional, delayed memory and global cognition (RBANS only) No significant change in global cognition (MMSE), immediate memory, language and attention |
Multivariable model: Presence of APOE*E4, prestroke cognitive reduction, previous stroke, and neurological impairment |
| Suzuki, 201317 | 57 | Hospital‐based cohort | Maximum 3 wk | MMSE | Significant improvement in global cognitive function | Not reported |
ACT indicates Alphabet Coding Task; AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test; CAMCOG, Cambridge Cognitive Assessment; CAMCOG‐R, Cambridge Cognitive Assessment (Revised); CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Register for Alzheimer's Disease; GDS, Geriatric Depression Score; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N/A, not assessed; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; RCPM, Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices; SEVLT, Spanish and English Verbal Learning Test; T, time point; 3MSE, Modified Mini Mental State Examination; TUG, Timed Up and Go; WAIS‐R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised.