Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics and Biomarkers by Quartiles of Osteoprotegerin Concentrations at Baseline
| Characteristic | Quartile 1 (<2.0 ng/mL) (n=1283) | Quartile 2 (2.0–2.7 ng/mL) (n=1284) | Quartile 3 (2.7–3.6 ng/mL) (n=1284) | Quartile 4 (>3.6 ng/mL) (n=1284) | P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 56 (50–63) | 62 (54–69) | 65 (56–72) | 67 (57–75) | <0.0001 |
| Female sex | 273 (21.3) | 361 (28.1) | 429 (33.4) | 474 (36.9) | <0.0001 |
| Weight, kg | 82 (73–93) | 81 (72–90) | 80 (70–89) | 78 (68–90) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.8 (25.3–30.8) | 27.8 (25.3–30.9) | 27.5 (24.8–30.4) | 27.2 (24.7–30.5) | 0.0005 |
| Risk factors | |||||
| Habitual smoker | 503 (39.2) | 500 (38.9) | 448 (34.9) | 440 (34.3) | 0.0104 |
| Hypertension | 787 (61.3) | 846 (65.9) | 884 (68.8) | 870 (67.8) | 0.0003 |
| Dyslipidemia | 569 (44.3) | 558 (43.5) | 551 (42.9) | 495 (38.6) | 0.0148 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 204 (15.9) | 255 (19.9) | 318 (24.8) | 364 (28.3) | <0.0001 |
| Medical history | |||||
| Angina pectoris | 623 (48.6) | 603 (47.0) | 618 (48.1) | 546 (42.5) | 0.0080 |
| Myocardial infarction | 250 (19.5) | 263 (20.5) | 259 (20.2) | 231 (18.0) | 0.3893 |
| Congestive heart failure | 45 (3.5) | 63 (4.9) | 81 (6.3) | 107 (8.3) | <0.0001 |
| PCI | 190 (14.8) | 179 (13.9) | 129 (10.0) | 136 (10.6) | 0.0002 |
| CABG | 51 (4.0) | 68 (5.3) | 71 (5.5) | 66 (5.1) | 0.2731 |
| TIA | 15 (1.2) | 29 (2.3) | 41 (3.2) | 28 (2.2) | 0.0066 |
| Nonhemorrhagic stroke | 34 (2.7) | 35 (2.7) | 57 (4.4) | 49 (3.8) | 0.0313 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 69 (5.4) | 84 (6.5) | 101 (7.9) | 92 (7.2) | 0.0776 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 22 (1.7) | 31 (2.4) | 48 (3.7) | 78 (6.1) | <0.0001 |
| ST‐segment–elevation MI | 517 (40.3) | 571 (44.5) | 598 (46.6) | 666 (51.9) | <0.0001 |
| GRACE risk score | 124.0 (109–139) | 133.0 (117–149) | 137.0 (120–154) | 143.0 (126–162) | <0.0001 |
| In‐hospital medication | |||||
| Aspirin | 1263 (98.4) | 1266 (98.6) | 1259 (98.1) | 1264 (98.4) | 0.7270 |
| Unfractionated heparin | 661 (51.5) | 699 (54.4) | 691 (53.8) | 756 (58.9) | 0.0021 |
| LMWH | 714 (55.7) | 688 (53.6) | 702 (54.7) | 666 (51.9) | 0.2539 |
| Fondaparinux | 16 (1.2) | 24 (1.9) | 21 (1.6) | 12 (0.9) | 0.1946 |
| Bivalirudin | 21 (1.6) | 23 (1.8) | 16 (1.2) | 16 (1.2) | 0.5656 |
| Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor | 325 (25.3) | 329 (25.6) | 343 (26.7) | 368 (28.7) | 0.2135 |
| β Blockers | 1129 (88.0) | 1118 (87.1) | 1112 (86.6) | 1112 (86.6) | 0.6884 |
| ACE inhibition and/or ARB | 1103 (86.0) | 1092 (85.0) | 1131 (88.1) | 1136 (88.5) | 0.0265 |
| Cholesterol lowering (statin) | 1210 (94.3) | 1193 (92.9) | 1199 (93.4) | 1209 (94.2) | 0.4181 |
| Biomarkers | |||||
| Hs‐TnT, ng/L | 119.0 (30.2–353.0) | 158.0 (40.2–478.0) | 135.0 (33.2–505.0) | 274.5 (60.7–963.0) | <0.0001 |
| NT‐proBNP, pmol/L | 260 (102–593) | 402 (136–932) | 458 (143–1269) | 728 (200–2215) | <0.0001 |
| Cystatin, mg/L | 0.77 (0.65–0.90) | 0.81 (0.65–0.97) | 0.84 (0.69–1.05) | 0.87 (0.69–1.11) | <0.0001 |
| GDF‐15 | 1214 (960.8–1601) | 1447 (1126–1918) | 1638 (1220–2263) | 2026 (1465–2996) | <0.0001 |
| Hs‐CRP, mg/L | 2.6 (1.3–6.0) | 3.2 (1.4–6.9) | 3.9 (1.6–10.0) | 5.1 (2.1–16.0) | <0.0001 |
Data are given as median (quartile 1–quartile 3) or number (percentage). ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; GDF‐15, growth differentiation factor‐15; GRACE, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; hs‐TnT, high‐sensitivity troponin T; LMWH, low‐molecular‐weight heparin; MI, myocardial infarction; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and TIA, transient ischemic attack.
P values from the χ2 test (categorical variables) or the Kruskal‐Wallis test (continuous variables).