Table 1.
Demographic and Baseline Information for the PAD Cohort Stratified by Race and SES
| All | Racea | SESb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black | White | Income ≤$40 000 | Income >$40 000 | ||
| Patients, n | 155 647 | 23 204 | 118 762 | 46 893 | 105 117 |
| Race, % | |||||
| White | 82.6 | ··· | ··· | 72.4 | 87.2 |
| Black | 16.1 | ··· | ··· | 26.4 | 11.5 |
| Other | 1.3 | ··· | ··· | 1.2 | 1.3 |
| Median household income of residential ZCTA, % | |||||
| ≤$40 000 | 30.9 | 50.7 | 27.1 | ··· | ··· |
| >$40 000 | 69.2 | 49.3 | 72.9 | ··· | ··· |
| Individuals below poverty line in residential ZCTA, % | |||||
| ≤20.0% | 66.5 | 41.2 | 71.6 | 18.3 | 88.1 |
| >20.0% | 33.5 | 58.8 | 28.4 | 81.7 | 11.9 |
| ADI, mean (SD) | 103.1 (12.3) | 105.4 (11.2) | 102.8 (12.3) | 111.2 (4.6) | 99.5 (12.9) |
| Urban vs rural ZCTA, % | |||||
| Urban (population >50 000) | 67.3 | 87.1 | 63.2 | 60.3 | 70.4 |
| Urban cluster (population ≤50 000) | 20.1 | 8.8 | 22.4 | 23.8 | 18.5 |
| Rural | 12.6 | 4.1 | 14.5 | 15.8 | 11.1 |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 66.7 (9.9) | 64.8 (10.3) | 66.9 (9.7) | 66.0 (9.8) | 66.9 (9.8) |
| Male sex (%) | 97.9 | 97.4 | 98.1 | 97.9 | 97.9 |
| Smoking | |||||
| Current | 51.4 | 56.5 | 51.0 | 54.3 | 50.1 |
| Former | 19.0 | 15.4 | 19.7 | 17.3 | 19.8 |
| Never | 6.5 | 6.7 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.5 |
| Missing | 23.2 | 21.4 | 23.2 | 22.1 | 23.6 |
| BMI categories, kg/m2 | |||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 2.3 | 3.4 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.0 |
| Normal (18.5–25) | 26.3 | 30.5 | 25.2 | 28.5 | 25.3 |
| Overweight (25–30) | 36.0 | 34.2 | 36.4 | 25.6 | 36.2 |
| Obese (>30.0) | 35.4 | 31.9 | 36.4 | 33.1 | 36.5 |
| Comorbidities (reference: no) | |||||
| DM | 45.5 | 51.6 | 44.1 | 45.9 | 45.3 |
| Hypertension | 84.2 | 90.1 | 83.1 | 85.4 | 83.7 |
| CAD | 46.3 | 37.6 | 48.1 | 45.2 | 46.7 |
| CHF | 16.4 | 18.9 | 15.9 | 16.6 | 16.2 |
| COPD | 8.5 | 7.1 | 8.9 | 8.5 | 8.5 |
| AF | 12.0 | 7.9 | 12.9 | 10.9 | 12.5 |
| Carotid disease | 63.8 | 59.7 | 64.7 | 63.2 | 64.1 |
| Depression | 16.0 | 15.6 | 16.3 | 16.2 | 15.8 |
| CKD or ESRD | 7.4 | 15.6 | 5.6 | 8.1 | 7.0 |
| Taking any medications (%) | |||||
| Statins | 72.1 | 66.5 | 73.4 | 70.7 | 72.8 |
| Antiplatelets | 79.4 | 75.9 | 80.6 | 79.4 | 79.5 |
| Antiglycemics | 39.7 | 44.4 | 38.6 | 40.3 | 39.4 |
| Cilostazol | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 7.9 |
| PAD severity per ICD‐9 codes (%) | |||||
| Unspecified | 60.1 | 56.1 | 60.8 | 59 | 60.6 |
| Claudication | 19 | 17.7 | 19.3 | 18.9 | 19.1 |
| CLI (rest pain/ulcer) | 20.9 | 26.3 | 19.9 | 22.1 | 20.3 |
| Laboratory | |||||
| Creatinine, mean (IQR) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.7) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Mortality, % | 40.7 | 38.3 | 40.2 | 41.9 | 39.7 |
| Amputation, % | 6.1 | 10.7 | 5.3 | 7.2 | 5.6 |
Antiplatelets include prasugrel, ticagrelor, dipyridamole, clopidogrel, or aspirin. ADI indicates area deprivation index; AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CLI, critical limb ischemia; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; ESRD, end‐stage renal disease; ICD‐9, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; IQR, interquartile range; PAD, peripheral artery disease; SES, socioeconomic status; ZCTA, ZIP code tabulation area.
P for comparisons across race categories <0.0001 for all variables except total cholesterol, depression, and cilostazol (P<0.05).
P for comparisons across 2‐level income categories <0.0001 for all variables except DM, carotid disease, cilostazol, and antiglycemics (P<0.05) and CHD, COPD, depression, antiplatelets, and sex (P>0.05).