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Flow chart of the study design and cohort selection. Sample size presented in weighted numbers (unweighted numbers). *Presence of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) codes 410.1‐410.9, 411.1, 411.8, 412, 414.00‐414.07, and 414.8 in the primary or secondary diagnosis fields. CRT indicates cardiac resynchronization therapy; ICD, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; NIS, National Inpatient Sample; PPM, permanent pacemaker.
