Table 2.
Results of Linear Mixed Models for Subjects in the Bi‐TENS Group Compared With Those in the Uni‐TENS Group From A0 to A2
| Bi‐TENS | Uni‐TENS | Fixed Effects | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time | Group | Group‐By‐Time Interaction | |||
| Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Estimate; CI; P Value | Estimate; CI; P Value | Estimate; CI; P Value | |
| Paretic ankle dorsiflexion strength, kg | |||||
| Wk 0 | 7.9±4.9 | 7.3±5.6 |
0.90; 0.22 to 1.59; 0.010a |
−0.50; −2.86 to 1.86; 0.675 |
1.32; 0.08 to 2.56; 0.032 a |
| Wk 5 | 10.6±5.4 | 8.0±5.5 | |||
| Wk 10 | 12.4±6.5 | 9.2±6.9 | |||
| Nonparetic ankle dorsiflexion strength, kg | |||||
| Wk 0 | 15.6±3.6 | 15.0±3.7 |
2.05; 1.33 to 2.78; <0.001b |
1.21; −0.87 to 3.29; 0.249 |
−0.14; −1.16 to 0.89; 0.790 |
| Wk 5 | 18.7±3.8 | 16.9±3.7 | |||
| Wk 10 | 19.4±5.0 | 19.1±4.3 | |||
| Paretic ankle plantarflexion strength, kg | |||||
| Wk 0 | 12.6±5.7 | 11.9±5.4 |
0.99; 0.11 to 1.88; 0.029a |
0.44; −2.48 to 3.36; 0.766 |
0.65; −0.97 to 2.26; 1.00 |
| Wk 5 | 14.5±6.2 | 11.9±5.6 | |||
| Wk 10 | 15.9±7.3 | 13.9±6.8 | |||
| Nonparetic ankle plantarflexion strength, kg | |||||
| Wk 0 | 18.5±4.4 | 17.1±2.9 |
1.65; 0.68 to 2.64; 0.001 |
1.40; −0.96 to 3.77; 0.241 |
0.085; −1.30 to 1.47; 0.903 |
| Wk 5 | 19.9±4.0 | 18.1±4.2 | |||
| Wk 10 | 22.0±6.2 | 20.4±6.4 | |||
| Paretic knee extension peak torque, Nm | |||||
| Wk 0 | 20.8±13.1 | 20.7±12.4 |
2.20 0.34 to 4.06; 0.021a |
−0.46 −7.57 to 6.65; 0.898 |
1.48 −1.89 to 4.84; 1.00 |
| Wk 5 | 28.9±19.1 | 24.6±14.3 | |||
| Wk 10 | 28.2±15.4 | 25.1±15.8 | |||
| Nonparetic knee extension peak torque, Nm | |||||
| Wk 0 | 44.9±20.6 | 41.4±12.6 |
1.98; −0.54 to 4.49; 0.122 |
4.35; −5.19 to 13.89; 0.371 |
−0.74; −4.29 to 2.81; 0.682 |
| Wk 5 | 46.6±20.8 | 43.6±17.1 | |||
| Wk 10 | 47.4±19.6 | 45.4±13.1 | |||
| Paretic knee flexion peak torque, Nm | |||||
| Wk 0 | 8.5±6.7 | 6.8±5.9 |
2.69; 1.33 to 4.04; ≤0.001b |
1.48; −2.19 to 5.16; 0.426 |
0.89; −1.58 to 3.36; 1.000 |
| Wk 5 | 15.1±13.7 | 10.5±7.5 | |||
| Wk 10 | 15.6±12.6 | 12.2±8.2 | |||
| Nonparetic knee flexion peak torque, Nm | |||||
| Wk 0 | 21.9±9.8 | 18.6±7.4 |
2.86; 1.38 to 4.34; ≤0.001b |
1.94; −2.94 to 6.82; 0.431 |
0.16; −1.93 to 2.26; 0.878 |
| Wk 5 | 23.8±10.9 | 24.1±9.3 | |||
| Wk 10 | 28.0±12.7 | 24.3±7.5 | |||
| LEMOCOT; paretic side | |||||
| Wk 0 | 12.9±12.4 | 10.8±7.7 |
2.08; 0.99 to 3.17; ≤0.001b |
1.90; −2.47 to 6.28; 0.389 |
−0.04; −1.59 to 1.50; 0.955 |
| Wk 5 | 14.8±13.7 | 13.5±9.9 | |||
| Wk 10 | 17.0±15.1 | 15.0±12.2 | |||
| LEMOCOT; nonparetic side | |||||
| Wk 0 | 36.1±11.2 | 33.8±7.3 |
3.56; 2.24 to 7.35; ≤0.001b |
2.26; −2.83 to 7.35; 0.379 |
−0.28; −2.14 to 1.58; 0.763 |
| Wk 5 | 38.8±10.8 | 37.6±8.5 | |||
| Wk 10 | 42.6±10.3 | 40.9±9.3 | |||
| Step test; paretic side | |||||
| Wk 0 | 7.5±3.7 | 7.3±3.4 |
0.96; 0.43 to 1.50; 0.001a |
0.34; −1.52 to 2.21; 0.716 |
0.02; −0.74 to 0.78; 0.954 |
| Wk 5 | 8.6±3.7 | 8.0±2.7 | |||
| Wk 10 | 9.5±4.1 | 9.2±4.2 | |||
| Step test; nonparetic side | |||||
| Wk 0 | 9.1±3.6 | 9.2±4.0 |
0.87; 0.15 to 1.60; 0.019a |
0.07; −2.16 to 2.29; 0.954 |
0.17; −0.85 to 1.2; 0.745 |
| Wk 5 | 10.5±3.7 | 9.6±2.9 | |||
| Wk 10 | 11.2±4.3 | 10.9±4.9 | |||
| BBS | |||||
| Wk 0 | 48.2±4.5 | 48.4±4.1 |
1.23; 0.69 to 1.78; ≤0.001b |
0.08; −2.25 to 2.4; 0.950 |
−0.18; −0.94 to 0.59; 0.652 |
| Wk 5 | 49.8±3.6 | 49.9±3.9 | |||
| Wk 10 | 50.4±3.6 | 50.9±3.3 | |||
| TUG, s | |||||
| Wk 0 | 19.2±8.3 | 19.2±8.0 |
−0.82; −1.54 to −0.10; 0.026a |
1.49; −1.32 to 4.30; 0.485 |
−1.54; −2.55 to −0.52; 0.004a |
| Wk 5 | 17.2±7.6 | 18.8±8.0 | |||
| Wk 10 | 14.5±6.4 | 17.5±7.3 | |||
The CIs of interaction term of the primary outcomes were adjusted with Bonferroni correction; thus, 98.75% CIs were reported for the coefficient of interaction term of primary outcomes. 95% CIs were reported for rest of the coefficients. BBS indicates Berg Balance Scale; Bi‐TENS, bilateral transcutaneous electrical stimulation; CI, confidence interval; LEMOCOT, Lower Extremity Motor Coordination Test; TUG, Timed Up and Go Test; Uni‐TENS, unilateral transcutaneous electrical stimulation.
a
P≤0.05.
b
P≤0.001.