Table 1.
Participant Characteristics
| Total (n=318) | NC (n=166) | eMCI (n=27) | MCI (n=125) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and health characteristics | ||||
| Age, y | 73±7 | 72±7 | 73±6 | 73±8 |
| Sex, % male | 58 | 58 | 74 | 55 |
| Race, % non‐Hispanic white | 87 | 88 | 85 | 86 |
| Education, y | 16±3 | 16±2 | 16±3 | 15±3 |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment, total | 25±3 | 27±2 | 25±2 | 23±3 |
| APOE*ε4 % carrier | 34 | 29 | 22 | 44 |
| Framingham Stroke Risk Profile, totala | 12.3±4.2 | 11.7±4.1 | 13.4±3.2 | 12.8±4.3 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 142±18 | 140±17 | 150±18 | 145±19 |
| Antihypertensive medication usage, % | 53 | 52 | 56 | 54 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 18 | 14 | 22 | 22 |
| Cigarette smoking, % current | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
| Prevalent CVD, % | 3 | 4 | 0 | 3 |
| Atrial fibrillation, % | 5 | 5 | 11 | 5 |
| LV hypertrophy, % | 4 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| Global longitudinal strain, % | −21.6±4.5 | −21.9±4.7 | −21.0±4.9 | −21.4±4.2 |
| LVEF, % | 63.5±7.8 | 64.0±7.4 | 63.0±10.0 | 63.0±7.9 |
| Neuropsychological performances | ||||
| Boston Naming Test | 26.8±3.1 | 27.9±2.0 | 26.6±2.4 | 25.3±3.8 |
| Animal Naming | 18.9±5.4 | 20.9±4.8 | 19.4±3.4 | 16.20±5.2 |
| WAIS‐IV Coding | 52.7±12.8 | 57.5±11.5 | 53.4±11.2 | 46.3±12.1 |
| D‐KEFS Number Sequencing Test, sb | 42.0±18.9 | 35.9±12.6 | 42.0±13.2 | 50.3±23.4 |
| Executive Function composite score | 0.01±0.90 | 0.43±0.62 | 0.17±0.42 | −0.59±0.96 |
| D‐KEFS Number–Letter Switching Test, sb | 107.3±48.3 | 86.5±34.1 | 93.0±22.1 | 138.3±52.3 |
| D‐KEFS Tower Test | 14.97±4.66 | 16.13±4.34 | 16.19±3.53 | 13.16±4.74 |
| D‐KEFS Color–Word Inhibition Test, sb | 69.2±23.5 | 60.0±13.5 | 74.6±15.5 | 80.0±29.6 |
| Letter Fluency (FAS) Test | 38.7±11.6 | 42.9±11.4 | 37.9±11.1 | 33.3±9.7 |
| Hooper Visual Organization Test | 24.5±3.1 | 25.4±2.5 | 24.7±2.2 | 23.3±3.6 |
| Memory composite score | 0.01±0.95 | 0.57±0.70 | −0.06±0.76 | −0.72±0.75 |
| CVLT‐II Total Immediate Recall | 40.6±11.8 | 47.1±9.3 | 40.1±9.7 | 32.2±9.6 |
| CVLT‐II Delayed Recall | 8.1±4.2 | 10.5±3.3 | 7.6±3.5 | 5.1±3.4 |
| CVLT‐II Recognition | 2.4±1.0 | 3.0±0.7 | 2.3±0.8 | 1.7±0.9 |
| BFLT Total Immediate Recall | 112.7±40.7 | 136.1±29.5 | 110.0±28.0 | 82.0±35.0 |
| BFLT Delayed Recall | 27.0±10.4 | 32.6±7.5 | 28.0±6.6 | 19.4±9.7 |
| BLFT Recognition | 0.7±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.7±0.2 | 0.6±0.2 |
Values denoted as mean±SD or frequency; all neuropsychological performance values are total correct excluding timed tasks measured in seconds. The Boston Naming Test was the 30‐item odd version. APOE*ε4 indicates apolipoprotein E ε4 allele; BFLT, Biber Figure Learning Test; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CVLT‐II, California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition; D‐KEFS, Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System; eMCI, early mild cognitive impairment; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; NC, normal cognition; WAIS‐IV, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition.
A modified Framingham Stroke Risk Profile Score was included in statistical models, which excluded points assigned to age (total 6.4±3.0, NC 6.0±2.9, eMCI 7.4±2.6, MCI 6.8±3.3).
Higher values in speeded test results indicate worse performance.