Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Medical Entomology logoLink to Journal of Medical Entomology
. 2017 Oct 4;55(1):248–249. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjx165

First Report of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), the Asian Tiger Mosquito, in Ecuador

Patricio Ponce 1,2, Diego Morales 3, Adriana Argoti 3, Varsovia E Cevallos 3,✉
PMCID: PMC5850216  PMID: 29029173

Abstract

Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), (Diptera: Culicidae), the Asian tiger mosquito, is one of the most widespread invasive vector-borne disease insect in tropical and temperate zones. This species has invaded the Americas over the past 3 decades and has spread to six countries. We report Ae. albopictus in Guayaquil city, the first time it has been identified in Ecuador. Outdoor BG-Sentinel traps without lures collected a total of 21 Ae. albopictus.

Keywords: Aedes albopictus, invasive species, BG-Sentinel, Ecuador, mosquito

The mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), (Diptera: Culicidae), known as the ‘Asian Tiger Mosquito’, has been incriminated as a vector of Chikungunya virus (CHKV), Dengue virus (DENV), and potential vector of Zika virus (ZIKV), Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), La Crosse virus (LACV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus (WNV), and Yellow fever virus (YFV) (Medlock et al. 2012, Wong et al. 2013, Amraoui et al. 2016). Ae. albopictus has also been identified as a vector of filarial parasites (Cancrini et al. 2003).

Ae. albopictus, that may have tropical and subtropical origin (Shaikevich and Talbalaghi 2013), has spread to temperate and tropical areas of the Americas, Europe, Middle East, the Pacific islands, Australia, and Africa (Benedict et al. 2007). Ae. albopictus was first reported in the Americas 3 decades ago and has been identified in Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Argentina, Uruguay, and Venezuela (Bonizzoni et al. 2013, Kraemer et al. 2015).

In Ecuador, Aedes aegypti has been the most important disease-carrying vectors of the past century. It is the only vector in the country known to transmit dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses (MSP 2017). Since 2012, the National Institute of Research for Public Health (INSPI) has conducted routine surveillance of mosquitoes of medical importance in order to identify potential new disease vectors. This case report describes the first known detection of Ae. albopictus in Ecuador.

Guayaquil is the most populated city of Ecuador and is located on the Pacific coast. It has the main seaport of the country where more than 80% of the country’s imports are handled. This fact makes the city vulnerable to invasive species.

This case report describes the first detection of Ae. albopictus in Ecuador. Ae. albopictus was first identified in South America in the state of São Paulo, Brazil in 1986 (Forattini, 1986) and subsequently in Colombia in Leticia, Amazonas, in 1998. In 2001, the species was recorded in Buenaventura, Colombia, and in 2007 in Cali-Valle del Cauca (2001) (Suárez, 2001), approximately 500 km from the northern border of Ecuador. Vector sampling in Ecuador along the northern border with Colombia over recent months has not detected Ae. albopictus in that area.

In 1 March 2017, BG-Sentinel (BGS) traps without lures were set in three urban areas of Guayaquil city, as part of the national surveillance program to detect exotic invasive mosquito species. The mosquito sampling is a continuous program that began in 2012. Four indoor home traps were utilized, two in the northern area of the city and two in the southern area. An additional four outdoor traps were placed at INSPI laboratories, located in the central part of the city. These outdoor traps were placed in locations protected from wind and rain. Traps ran 24 hr a day for 4 d per week.

Samples from the traps were collected daily at 0800 hours and at 1630 hours. All mosquito samples collected were taken to the vector laboratory of INSPI in Quito and identified using taxonomic keys (Rueda, 2004). All voucher specimens were then deposited in the INSPI collection in Quito, Ecuador.

The indoor traps placed in the north collected only one Aedes aegypti and one Culex sp. Indoor traps placed in the south did not collect any mosquitoes. Outdoor traps at INSPI laboratories (2°9′51.664″S; 79°53′33.295″W) collected a total of 21 Ae. albopictus (16 females, five males). The outdoor traps also collected 108 Culex spp. (102 females, six males) and 17 Ae. aegypti (13 females, four males) (Table 1).

Table 1.

Mosquito species and number of specimens collected in BGS traps without bait in Guayaquil city (March 2017)

Species Outdoor traps (no. 4) Indoor traps (no.4)
Aedes albopictus 21 (16 females, 5 males)
Aedes aegypti 17 (13 females, 4 males) 1 female
Culex spp. 108 (102 females, 6 males) 1 female
Open in a new tab

Over 80% (17) of the Ae. albopictus specimens (12 females and five males) were collected at 0800 hours, which indicates that these mosquitoes were active between 1630 hours and 0800 hours. None of the females collected had recently fed.

These Ae. albopictus specimens were collected in an urban and highly populated area of Guayaquil. The INSPI laboratories are located on a four-hectare property with buildings surrounded by gardens containing bushes, mango, banana, purple mombin, and guava trees. Ae albopictus has been previously described not only as an inhabitant of outdoor domesticated areas, but also in forested areas (Simmons, 1931). Some data suggests that Ae. albopictus is less urban than A. aegypti and prefers forests close to human habitation (Barraud 1923, Mattingly 1952).

According to Hawley (1987), Ae. albopictus shows a bimodal pattern of activity, one at sunrise and a major peak in the afternoon. These peaks of activity may explain why the majority of specimens were collected at 0800 hours. Although the traps did not have lure, they collected a significant number of mosquitoes and may serve as a viable tool for a national surveillance program. Farajollahi et al. (2009) demonstrated that BGS traps with or without lure are efficient collecting Ae. albopictus.

Now that Ae. albopictus has been identified in Ecuador, it is imperative to establish its geographic distribution in the country. It is known that this species can survive in temperate areas, so it may be able to invade low-altitude valleys in the highlands and in the Amazon basin. In the Amazon basin, mosquito vectors are known to transmit dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses, and they can potentially transmit yellow fever (Johnson et al. 2002, Amraoui et al. 2016).

The presence of Ae. albopictus in Guayaquil poses a challenge to surveillance and control of the dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses endemic to that region. The use of low cost methods, such as ovitraps, may help to have better coverage in the surveillance program. Further research is necessary to determine the interaction between Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti, which is widely distributed in Guayaquil. This interaction should also be monitored over time since Ae. albopictus may potentially outcompete Ae. aegypti (O’Meara et al. 1995).

Acknowledgments

We thank Italo Calderón, Maribel Albuja, and Dino Sánchez for field and lab work and Cristina Quiroga and Paulina Quirola for formatting this manuscript. We are extremely grateful to Amit Chandra for the comments and review of the manuscript.

References

  1. Amraoui F., Vazeille M., and Failloux A. B. 2016. French Aedes albopictus are able to transmit yellow fever virus. Eurosurveillance 21: 30361. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Barraud P. J. 1923. A revision of the culicine mosquitoes of India. Parts III, IV and V. Indian J. Med. Res. 189: 274. [Google Scholar]
  3. Benedict M. Q., Levine R. S., Hawley W. A., and Lounibos L. P.. 2007. Spread of the tiger: global risk of invasion by the mosquito Aedes albopictus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 7: 76–85. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bonizzoni M., Gasperi G., Chen X., and James A. A.. 2013. The invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus: current knowledge and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol 29: 460–468. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cancrini G., Di Regalbono A. F., Ricci I., and Tessarin C.. 2003. Aedes albopictus is a natural vector of Dirofilaria immitis in Italy. Vet. Parasitol. 118:195–202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Farajollahi A., Kesavaraju B., Price D. C., Williams G. M., Healy S. P., Gaugler R., and Nelder M. P.. 2009. Field efficacy of BG-sentinel and industry-standard traps for Aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) and West Nile virus surveillance. J. Med. Entomol 46: 919–925. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Forattini O. P. 1986. Identificação de Aedes (Stegomyia) Albopictus (Skuse) no Brasil. Revista de Saúde Pública 20: 244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Hawley W. A., Reiter P., Copeland R. S., and Pumpuni C. B.. 1987. Aedes albopictus in North America: probable introduction in used tires from Northern Asia. Science 236: 1114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Johnson B. W., Chambers T. V., and Crabtree M. B.. 2002. Vector competence of Brazilian Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus for a Brazilian yellow fever virus isolate. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96: 611–3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Kraemer M. U. G., Sinka M. E., Duda K. A., Mylne A., Shearer F. M., Brady O. J., Messina J. P., Barker C. M., Moore C. G., Carvalho R. G.,. et al. 2015. The global compendium of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus occurrence. Sci Data 2: 150035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Mattingly P. F. 1952. The Sub-Genus Stegomyia (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Ethiopian Region. II. Distribution of species confined to the East and South African Sub-Region. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat Hist) Entomol. 3: 3–65. [Google Scholar]
  12. Medlock J. M., Hansford K. M., Schaffner F., Versteirt V., Hendrickx G., Zeller H., and Van Bortel W.. 2012. A review of the invasive mosquitoes in Europe: ecology, public health risks, and control options. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12: 435–447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. MSP 2017. (MSP) Ministerio de Salud Pública 2017 (http://www.salud.gob.ec/) Gaceta Epidemiológica Ecuador SIVE-ALERTA 2016.
  14. O’Meara G. F., Evans L. F. Jr, Gettman A. D., and Cuda J. P.. 1995. Spread of Aedes albopictus and decline of Ae. aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in Florida. J. Med. Entomol. 32: 554–562. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Rueda L. M. 2004. Pictorial keys for the identification of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) associated with dengue virus transmission. Zootaxa 589: 1–60. [Google Scholar]
  16. Shaikevich E., and Talbalaghi A.. 2013. Molecular characterization of the Asian Tiger Mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northern Italy. ISRN Entomology 2013: 157426. [Google Scholar]
  17. Simmons J. S. 1931. Dengue fever 1. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. s1-11: 77. [Google Scholar]
  18. Suárez M. 2001. Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera, Culicidae) en Buenaventura, Vol. 6, pp. 221–224. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. [Google Scholar]
  19. Wong P. S. J., Li M. I., Chong C. S., Ng L. C., and Tan C. H.. 2013. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse): a potential vector of Zika virus in Singapore. PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis. 7: e2348. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Medical Entomology are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES