Table 2.
Multivariable Associations of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy (PE or GH) Versus Normal Maternal Blood Pressure During Pregnancy With Offspring Outcomes at Midchildhood
| Outcomes | β (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Blood pressure | |||
| SBP, z‐score | 0.19 (0.03, 0.35) | 0.15 (−0.03, 0.32) | 0.13 (−0.04, 0.31) |
| DBP, z‐score | 0.11 (0.01, 0.22) | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.17) | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.15) |
| SBP, mm Hg | 2.05 (0.29, 3.80) | 1.29 (−0.58, 3.16) | 1.31 (−0.56, 3.19) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 1.30 (0.11, 2.48) | 0.50 (−0.75, 1.76) | 0.44 (−0.82, 1.69) |
| Lipids and inflammation | |||
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 4.24 (0.35, 8.12) | 4.66 (0.43, 8.88) | 4.72 (0.47, 8.98) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | −3.11 (−9.67, 3.45) | −0.74 (−7.77, 6.30) | −1.38 (−8.43, 5.68) |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | −3.94 (−11.3, 3.38) | −3.36 (−11.3, 4.57) | −4.23 (−12.2, 3.71) |
| IL‐6, pg/mL | 0.05 (−0.34, 0.44) | 0.13 (−0.31, 0.57) | 0.16 (−0.28, 0.60) |
| hsCRP, mg/L (log transformed) | −0.05 (−0.50, 0.40) | −0.16 (−0.65, 0.32) | −0.14 (−0.63, 0.35) |
| Glycemia | |||
| HOMA‐IR | −0.41 (−0.94, 0.11) | −0.52 (−1.07, 0.03) | −0.54 (−1.10, 0.01) |
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | −0.90 (−3.31, 1.51) | −0.50 (−3.15, 2.15) | −0.32 (−2.97, 2.33) |
| Overall size and adiposity | |||
| BMI z‐score | −0.10 (−0.31, 0.11) | −0.27 (−0.48, −0.06) | −0.25 (−0.45, −0.04) |
| DXA fat mass index, kg/m2 | −0.63 (−1.06, −0.19) | −0.91 (−1.35, −0.47) | −0.91 (−1.35, −0.47) |
| DXA fat‐free mass index, kg/m2 | −0.09 (−0.41, 0.22) | −0.29 (−0.61, 0.02) | −0.28 (−0.59, 0.04) |
| Percentage fat, % | −2.24 (−3.60, −0.88) | −3.02 (−4.42, −1.62) | −3.03 (−4.44, −1.63) |
| SS+TR, mm | −1.73 (−3.67, 0.21) | −2.79 (−4.70, −0.88) | −2.78 (−4.70, −0.86) |
| Leptin, ng/mL | −1.75 (−3.69, 0.20) | −2.64 (−4.64, −0.65) | −2.72 (−4.72, −0.71) |
| Central adiposity | |||
| DXA trunk fat mass index, kg/m2 | −0.26 (−0.45, −0.06) | −0.38 (−0.58, −0.18) | −0.39 (−0.59, −0.19) |
| Waist circumference, cm | −1.17 (−2.79, 0.44) | −2.59 (−4.19, −0.99) | −2.42 (−4.02, −0.82) |
| SS:TR ratio | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.00) | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.00) |
| Global metabolic risk, z‐score | −0.14 (−0.33, 0.05) | −0.23 (−0.44, −0.03) | −0.24 (−0.44, −0.04) |
Model 1: Adjusted for child age at outcome and sex, except SBP‐z, DPB‐z, and BMI‐z scores, which already account for age and sex, and thus these models are not additionally adjusted. Model 2: Model 1+maternal race/ethnicity, age at enrollment, height and prepregnancy BMI, education, household income, parity, smoking during pregnancy. Model 3: Model 2+birth weight for gestational age z‐score. BMI indicates body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DXA, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry scan; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high sensitivity C‐reactive protein; IL‐6, interleukin 6; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SS:TR, ratio of subscapular (SS) and triceps skinfold thicknesses (TR); SS+TR, sum of the subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses.