Table 4.
Multivariable Associationsa of Mean Maternal Blood Pressure in Each Trimester With Offspring Outcomes at Midchildhood
| Outcomes | β (95% CI) Per 10 mm Hg | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| First Trim SBP | Second Trim SBP | Third Trim SBP | |
| Blood pressure | |||
| SBP, z‐score | 0.10 (0.03, 0.16) | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) |
| DBP, z‐score | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05) |
| SBP, mm Hg | 1.10 (0.43, 1.77) | 0.89 (0.11, 1.66) | 0.93 (0.16, 1.70) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 0.15 (−0.30, 0.59) | 0.07 (−0.45, 0.59) | 0.08 (−0.43, 0.60) |
| Lipids and inflammation | |||
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | −0.49 (−1.93, 0.95) | 0.24 (−1.50, 1.97) | 0.78 (−0.97, 2.54) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.74 (−1.63, 3.12) | 1.36 (−1.53, 4.24) | −1.55 (−4.47, 1.37) |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 0.80 (−1.92, 3.52) | −1.21 (−4.44, 2.02) | −1.64 (−4.93, 1.64) |
| IL‐6, pg/mL | −0.01 (−0.17, 0.15) | −0.08 (−0.27, 0.10) | 0.06 (−0.13, 0.25) |
| hsCRP, mg/L (log‐transformed) | 0.02 (−0.15, 0.19) | 0.03 (−0.17, 0.23) | −0.03 (−0.24, 0.18) |
| Glycemia | |||
| HOMA‐IR | 0.05 (−0.14, 0.23) | −0.13 (−0.35, 0.10) | −0.05 (−0.28, 0.18) |
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | −0.40 (−1.36, 0.55) | −0.17 (−1.29, 0.96) | −0.83 (−1.96, 0.31) |
| Overall size and adiposity | |||
| BMI z‐score | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.07) | −0.14 (−0.23, −0.06) | −0.10 (−0.18, −0.02) |
| DXA fat mass index, kg/m2 | 0.01 (−0.14, 0.16) | −0.21 (−0.40, −0.03) | −0.20 (−0.39, −0.02) |
| DXA fat free mass index, kg/m2 | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.09) | −0.08 (−0.21, 0.05) | −0.08 (−0.21, 0.05) |
| Percentage fat, % | 0.05 (−0.44, 0.53) | −0.73 (−1.33, −0.14) | −0.70 (−1.29, −0.12) |
| SS+TR, mm | 0.20 (−0.47, 0.87) | −1.03 (−1.82, −0.24) | −0.57 (−1.35, 0.21) |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 0.24 (−0.48, 0.95) | −0.40 (−1.26, 0.45) | −0.73 (−1.61, 0.14) |
| Central adiposity | |||
| DXA trunk fat mass index, kg/m2 | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.08) | −0.07 (−0.16, 0.01) | −0.08 (−0.16, 0.00) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 0.25 (−0.31, 0.82) | −0.87 (−1.54, −0.21) | −0.54 (−1.19, 0.12) |
| SS:TR ratio | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.01) |
| Global metabolic risk, z‐score | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.13) | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.06) | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.07) |
BMI indicates body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DXA, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry scan; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high sensitivity C‐reactive protein; IL‐6, interleukin 6; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SS:TR, ratio of subscapular (SS) and triceps skinfold thicknesses (TR); SS+TR, sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses; Trim, trimester.
All estimates adjusted for child age at outcome and sex, maternal race/ethnicity, age at enrollment, height, prepregnancy BMI, education, household income, parity, and smoking during pregnancy, except for models predicting SBP, DPB, and BMI z‐scores, which already incorporate age and sex and thus were not additionally adjusted for child sex and age at outcome.