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. 2018 Feb 1;7(3):e007849. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.007849

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© 2018 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Role of monocyte subsets in heart failure. Human monocytes are classified as Mon1, Mon2, and Mon3, respectively, based on their levels expression of CD14 and CD16. Mon2 are increased in patients with heart failure and are recruited to the myocardium in times of tissue injury, whereas Mon3 serve more of a patrolling function and are not so rapidly recruited. Monocyte subsets then differentiate into dendritic cells and inflammatory macrophages to further potentiate the fibrosis. CCR2/5 indicates C‐C chemokine receptor type 2/5; CX3CR1, C‐X3‐C motif chemokine receptor 1; HLA‐DR, human leukocyte antigen – antigen D related; IL, interleukin; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.