Table 1.

Recent studies about mechanisms and effects of Wnt release in mammalian systems

Mechanism of Wnt release	Genes	Cell/Organism	Pathways/Details	References
Paracrine exosomal Wnts	Wnt3a	Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma	Wnt/β-catenin signaling	(18)
Paracrine exosomal Wnts	Wnt2bPossibly also Wnt10a	Epidydemis/mouse	Differentiation/maturation Wnt/STOP	(19)
Paracrine exosomal Wnts	Wnt4	Human umbilical cord MSC in rat skin burn model	Angiogenesis and cell proliferation viaWnt/β-catenin signaling	(20–22)
Paracrine exosomal Wnts	Wnt4	Hypoxic colorectal cancer cells (HCT116, HT29)/endothelial cells (HUVEC)	HIFα-dependent Wnt4 expressionProliferation	(23)
Autocrine exosomal Wnts	Wnt11	Human umbilical cord MSC in vitro	Release stimulated by 3,3′-Diindolylmethane	(24)
Polarized exosomal Wnts	Apical/baso lateral Wnt3a,Apical Wnt11	Dog Kidney cells, MDCK	Basolateral Tsg101+Apical CD63 + apical Wnt secreted in a lipidation-independent manner	(25)
Paracrine exosomal Wnts	Wnt5b	Colon and pancreatic cancer cellsCaco-2, Panc-1	Several Wnts found in the supernatant after exosomes purification, such as Wnt3a and Wnt5a from L-cells	(26)
Paracrine exosomal Wnts	Wnt10b	Fibroblasts and breast cancer cells	Proliferation and migration	(27)
Crosstalk of Extravesicular Wnt	Wnt5a	Macrophages and breast cancer cells (SkBr3)	Wnt5a expression and cell invasion	(28)
Paracrine exosomes mobilize autocrine Wnts	Wnt11	Breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231)	Cancer cell migration	(29)
Paracrine Exosome mobilize autocrine Wnts	Wnt10b	Cortical neuronsRat Optic nerve	Regeneration, mTOR	(30)
Neutral sphingomyelinases dependent trafficking of Wnts onto different EVs	Wnt3a and Wnt5a	Breast cancer cells (SkBr3)	Block of exosomes secretion increases microvesicles release	(13)
Paracrine Exosomal activating Wnt canonical	Wnt/β-catenin	Ischemia/reperfusion rat heart	Enhances cardiomyocyte survival and decreased apoptosis	(20)