Table 8.

Mean concern (±SE) for situations reflecting psychological factors of risk perception in citizens, poultry farmers, and poultry veterinarians (1 = absolutely not concerned; 5 = absolutely concerned).

Psychological factor	Statement	Citizens	Poultry farmers	Poultry veterinarians	Test statistics	P value
Unknown	There is no information about the health consequences	3.28a ± 0.002	2.45b ± 0.127	2.54b ± 0.224	F(2, 78.27) = 25.62	<0.001
Trust in experts	Experts state that health hazards are little	2.90a ± 0.020	2.42b ± 0.124	2.59 ± 0.212	F(2, 77.96) = 8.22	0.001
Severity (mild)	People may get an eye infection from it	3.05a ± 0.020	2.28b ± 0.115	2.41b ± 0.204	F(2, 78.34) = 26.10	<0.001
Severity (medium)	People may get diarrhea from it	3.43a ± 0.021	2.64b ± 0.128	3.02 ± 0.196	F(2, 78.32) = 20.44	<0.001
Severity (severe)	A few people will get cancer from it someday	3.08a ± 0.022	2.26b ± 0.116	1.90b ± 0.187	F(2, 2,397) = 53.57	<0.001
Severity (fatal)	Someone may die from it	3.25a ± 0.024	2.23b ± 0.116	2.66b ± 0.241	F(2, 78.82) = 39.38	<0.001
Voluntariness	People may get ill when being around a poultry farm	2.98a ± 0.023	1.52b ± 0.086	2.10c ± 0.170	F(2, 2,397) = 102.15	<0.001
Voluntariness	People may get ill when eating chicken that is not cooked well enough	3.81 ± 0.024	3.56 ± 0.127	3.39 ± 0.223	F(2, 78.80) = 3.40	0.039
Type of hazard	Bacteria are present on chicken meat	3.64a ± 0.23	2.92b ± 0.130	2.88b ± 0.252	F(2, 78.27) = 18.88	<0.001
Type of hazard	Chemicals are present in eggs	3.43a ± 0.020	2.33b ± 0.135	2.80b ± 0.186	F(2, 78.22) = 37.11	<0.001
Personal control	People themselves can take measures to prevent the risk	3.39a ± 0.023	3.76b ± 0.149	3.59 ± 0.207	F(2, 78.33) = 3.35	0.04

^a–cMeans within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05, Post-hoc Games Howell multiple comparisons test).