Fig. 5.

Change in effect of pykF mutations over time in six populations. (A) Symbol colors indicate different populations in which evolved pykF mutations in clones isolated at 2,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, and 50,000 generations (except the 2,000-generation clone from Ara+5) were reverted to the ancestral allele, and the resulting fitness effects were estimated. The same mutations were added to the ancestor, and their fitness effects were measured to give a reference at 0 generations. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals (n = 4 except at the initial time point where n = 2). (B) Estimates of the among-population standard deviation (i.e., the square root of the variance component) in the fitness effects of the pykF mutations at each time point.