Figure 3.

Functional protein interaction network of actin regulators targeted by HIV manipulation. Subversion of the actin cytoskeleton occurs throughout all layers of the actin cytoskeleton, including surface proteins, their linkers to actin filaments, diverse signaling nodes, their effectors, and proteins that directly mediate actin remodeling. Color coding of host factors indicates the main viral protein involved in their deregulation; Nef = green, Gag = yellow, Tat = pink, Env = blue, presently undefined = grey. So far, only proteins shown in bold have been experimentally confirmed to physically interact with the indicated viral proteins (i.e., direct manipulation). Network data was obtained from the STRING database [93] using the following settings: network edge meaning = evidence, active sources = databases, minimum confidence score = 0.9, number of interactors = query only (proteins covered in this review). The network nodes were rearranged using Cytoscape software [94], to represent functional groups within the cytoskeleton.