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. 2018 Feb 13;10(2):82. doi: 10.3390/v10020082

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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DNA tumor viruses that promote DNA hypermethylation of immune-related genes. (A) KSHV LANA; (B) an unidentified EBV protein; (C) HBV HBx; and (D) HPV E6 and E7 proteins upregulate the DNMTs shown to induce DNA methylation and transcription inhibition (indicated by red “×”) of the denoted immune-related genes. The outcome of immune gene suppression by the viruses promotes virus replication and host cell proliferation. Circled question marks indicate potential mechanisms that have not yet been fully defined.