Table 1.
List of potential recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses with created for oncotherapy application.
| VSV Modification | Virus Description | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| VSV-IL4 | rVSV expressing IL-4 cytokine with enhanced oncolytic activity | [81] |
| VSV-IFNβ | rVSV expressing IFN-β gene, show oncolytic activity against metastatic lung disease, and able to generate T cell response | [93] |
| VSV-IL12 | rVSV is expressing murine IL-12 gene show oncolytic activity against squamous cell carcinoma. | [88] |
| rVSV-gG | rVSV expressing equine herpes virus-1 glycoprotein G, which acts as a broad-spectrum viral chemokine binding protein | [104] |
| rVSV-UL141 | rVSV expressing a protein from human cytomegalovirus which down regulates the natural killer (NK) cell-activating ligand CD155 and inhibits the function of NK cell | [77] |
| rVSV(MΔ51)-M3 | rVSV expressing the murine gammaherpesvirus-68 chemokine-binding protein M3 in modified matrix protein backbone with enhanced tumor necrosis | [78] |
| ΔM51-VSV | ΔM51-VSV infection activated DCs to produce proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12 and IFNs) | [105] |
| VSV-CD40L | rVSV expressing CD40L, a member of the TNF family expressed on the surface of activated Th cells. | [106] |
| VSV-p14 | rVSV expressing p14 FAST protein increase oncolytic property | [80] |
| VSV-CD133 | rVSV expressing CD133 (a marker for cancer stem cells) increase specificity for CD133 expressing tumours. | [75] |
| VSV-IL15 | rVSV expressing secreted version of human interleukin15, it enhances both NK cell and T cell response | [60] |
| VSV-IL28 | rVSV expressing IL-28, a member of type 3 IFN | [92] |
| VSV-rFlt3L | rVSV expressing the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (rFlt3L). rFlt3L is a growth factor which promotes the differentiation and proliferation of DC. | [107] |
| VSV-IFNγ | rVSV expressing IFNγ which slows tumor growth | [108] |
| VSV-mIFNβ-NIS | rVSV expressing IFNβ and the NIS reporter, in the presence of anti-PD-L1 antibody, it shows higher anti tumor activity | [109] |
| VSV expressing suicide gene | ||
| VSV-TK | rVSV expressing thymidine kinase of herpes virus, increase oncolytic property | [81] |
| VSV(ΔM51) NIS | rVSV expressing human NIS gene, shows specific oncolytic activity against myeloma. | [110] |
| VSV-C:U | rVSV expressing the fusion suicide gene Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase (CD)/uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT), catalyzing the modification of 5-fluorocytosine into chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil | [83] |
| VSV-mp53 and VSV-ΔM-mp53 | VSV-mp53 and VSV-ΔM-mp53 both expressing high level of functional p53 in respective backbone VSV with chemical compounds | [74] |
| LCL161 and VSV-ΔM51 | SMC and OV therapies combination also synergize in vivo by promoting anticancer immunity through an increase in CD8+ T-cell response | [111] |
| Curcumin and VSV | Cumulative decrease in the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-XL, and in the phosphorylation of NF-κB and increase in the number of virus infected cells | [112] |
| Ruxolitinib and Polycation with VSV | Ruxolitinib and polycation improve VSV attachment and replication in HPAF-II cells | [113] |
| SFN (antioxidant compound sulforaphane) and VSV | SFN enhances VSVΔ51 spread in oncolytic virus-resistant cancer cells | [102] |
TNF: tumor necrosis factor; DC: dendritic cells; NIS: sodium iodide symporter; SMC: Second mitochondrial activator of caspase (Smac)-mimetic compounds; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.