Table 2.
Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Models for Mortality Rates and Associated Risk Factors
| Characteristic | Entire Study Cohort, No. (%) |
Deaths,
No. (%) |
Observed Time a , PY |
Mortality
Rate per 100 PY |
Unadjusted
HR (95% CI) |
P Value |
Adjusted
HR (95% CI) |
P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 34581 (100.0) | 790 (100.0) | 34188 | 2.31 | ||||
| Age, y | ||||||||
| 18–29 | 14771 (42.7) | 122 (15.4) | 14718 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 30–49 | 14976 (43.3) | 334 (42.3) | 14809 | 2.26 | 2.72 (2.21–3.35) | <.001 | 2.03 (1.64–2.52) | <.001 |
| ≥50 | 4834 (14.0) | 334 (42.3) | 4661 | 7.17 | 8.65 (7.03–10.64) | <.001 | 6.10 (4.87–7.64) | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 25927 (75.0) | 629 (79.6) | 25616 | 2.46 | 1.31 (1.10–1.56) | .002 | 1.90 (1.59–2.27) | <.001 |
| Female | 8654 (25.0) | 161 (20.4) | 8573 | 1.88 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Han | 24969 (72.2) | 543 (68.7) | 24692 | 2.20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Other | 9612 (27.8) | 247 (31.3) | 9497 | 2.60 | 1.18 (1.02–1.38) | .03 | 1.09 (.93–1.28) | .30 |
| Education level | ||||||||
| Junior middle school or less | 22039 (63.7) | 688 (87.1) | 21691 | 3.17 | 3.89 (3.16–4.78) | <.001 | 1.85 (1.48–2.31) | <.001 |
| Senior middle school or higher | 12542 (36.3) | 102 (12.9) | 12498 | 0.82 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single, divorced, or widowed | 21019 (60.8) | 411 (52.0) | 20814 | 1.97 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Married or cohabitating | 13562 (39.2) | 379 (48.0) | 13375 | 2.83 | 1.44 (1.25–1.65) | <.001 | 0.88 (.76–1.02) | .928 |
| Transmission route | ||||||||
| Heterosexual contact | 20713 (59.9) | 623 (78.9) | 20394 | 3.05 | 7.04 (5.19–9.56) | <.001 | 4.16 (2.99–5.77) | <.001 |
| Male-to-male sexual contact | 10167 (29.4) | 44 (5.6) | 10145 | 0.43 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Injection drug use | 3701 (10.7) | 123 (15.6) | 3649 | 3.37 | 7.77 (5.51–10.97) | <.001 | 5.07 (3.49–7.35) | <.001 |
| ART statusb | ||||||||
| Immediate ART | 1838 (5.3) | 19 (2.4) | 1828 | 1.04 | 0.44 (.28–.69) | <.001 | 0.37 (.23–.58) | <.001 |
| Delayed ART | 5640 (16.3) | 58 (7.3) | 2583 | 2.25 | 0.80 (.61–1.05) | .11 | 0.74 (.57–.98) | .04 |
| No ART | 27103 (78.4) | 713 (90.3) | 29778 | 2.39 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; PY, person-years.
aObserved time, in PY, was calculated as beginning on the date of first CD4 test, and ending at 1 year or on the date of death, whichever came first.
bART was treated as the time-dependent variable; immediate ART means ART was initiated within 30 days of confirmed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis; delayed ART means ART was initiated >30 days after diagnosis, but within 1 year; no ART means that ART was never initiated in the 1 year after HIV diagnosis.