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Soluble mediator levels during pregnancy in malaria-infected and uninfected women. Mean cytokine and chemokine levels in primigravidae (A), secundigravidae (B), and multigravidae (C) are shown. Circles around data points indicate that differences between uninfected and infected women were statistically significant for that endpoint. Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
