Table 4.

Cancer Types Found to be Associated (Fisher’s exact test) with Genes under Selection in COLD and ALTITUDE Populations.

Population	Cancers Found to be Significant	P Values (range)
Native Americansa (Amorim et al. 2017)	Colorectal cancer	9.8×10−3
Inuit—Greenland (Fumagalli et al. 2015)	Not any	–
	Note: The most frequent BRCA1 mutation worldwide (founder mutation) was found in Inuit (Harboe et al. 2009)	–
Eskimos—Siberiab (Cardona et al. 2014)	Colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, lymphoma	1.9×10−4–3.9×10−2
Amhara—Ethiopia ( Alkorta-Aranburu et al. 2012; Scheinfeldt et al. 2012; Huerta-Sanchez et al. 2013)	Not any	–
Oromi—Ethiopiac (Alkorta-Aranburu et al. 2012; Huerta-Sanchez et al. 2013)	Chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, myeloid leukemia	1.5×10−4–1.5×10−3
Andeans—Tibetans (Foll et al. 2014)	Esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, stomach cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, Hodgkin disease, mouth neoplasms, pharyngeal neoplasms, nasopharyngeal neoplasms, precursor cell lymphoblastic leukemia, adenoma, colorectal cancer, uterine cervical neoplasms, mesothelioma, pleural neoplasms, laryngeal neoplasm, prostate cancer, lung cancer	2.4×10−7–2.4×10−2
	Note: Variants in EGLN1 (gene under selection in high altitude) predispose for lung cancer in Tibetans (Lanikova et al. 2017)	–

Note.—Data retrieved from Genetic Association Database (GAD) through DAVIDv.6.8 software (analysis details in supplementary table S5, Supplementary Material online).

^aNative Americans (Athabascans) rank at the first place worldwide (together with Inuit) for colorectal cancer incidence (fig. 1).

^bSiberian Eskimos have very high rates of lung and esophagus cancer (Zaridze et al. 1993).

^cEthiopians rank at the third place in Africa countries for leukemia incidence (fig. 1).

Italic P values indicate statistical significance.