Table 3.
Demographic, Clinical, Household, and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Adults Enrolled With Hospitalized Lower Respiratory Tract Infection and Mild Influenza-like Illness
| Characteristic | Participants, No./Total (%)a | P Value for Differenceb | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hospitalized LRTI (n = 518) | ILI (n = 642) | ||
| Male sex | 323/518 (62) | 273/642 (43) | <.001 |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 35 (30–42) | 32 (25–43) | <.001c |
| Prior treatment | |||
| Attended another health facilityd | 312/513 (61) | 62/635 (10) | <.001 |
| Antibiotics within 2 wke | 309/509 (61) | 70/630 (11) | <.001 |
| Antimalarials within 2 wk | 83/511 (16) | 13/630 (2) | <.001 |
| HIV status | |||
| HIV infected | 396/517 (77) | 192/640 (30) | <.001 |
| CD4+ cell count, median (IQR) cells/µL | 101 (46–196) | 313 (167–450) | <.001c |
| Receiving ART at enrollmentf | 188/233 (81) | 68/87 (78) | .62 |
| Medical history | |||
| Chronic lung disease | 18/503 (4) | 15/635 (2) | .23 |
| Chronic cardiac disease | 2/503 (0.4) | 1/635 (0.2) | .59g |
| Hypertension | 9/503 (2) | 19/635 (3) | .19 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1/503 (0.2) | 0/503 (0) | .44g |
| Chronic liver disease | 1/503 (0.2) | 0/503 (0) | .44g |
| Pregnant | 2/195 (0) | 10/369 (3) | .19g |
| Previous pulmonary tuberculosis | 90/514 (18) | 45/638 (7) | <.001 |
| Pneumonia in past 5 y | 113/512 (22) | 46/638 (7) | <.001 |
| Body mass index <18.5 kg/m2 | 147/495 (30) | 67/638 (11) | <.001 |
| Current smoker | 58/513 (11) | 39/638 (6) | <.001 |
| Drinks alcohol | 135/512 (26) | 78/638 (12) | <.001 |
| Household and socioeconomic factors | |||
| No. of children aged <5 y in household | |||
| 0 | 296/513 (58) | 381/638 (60) | |
| 1 | 156/513 (30) | 195/638 (30) | |
| ≥2 | 61/513 (12) | 62/638 (10) | .48 |
| Crowding indexh | |||
| <1.5 | 174/497 (35) | 219/612 (36) | |
| 1.5–2.4 | 203/497 (41) | 258/612 (42) | |
| ≥2.5 | 120/497 (24) | 135/612 (22) | .71 |
| Sanitation facility | |||
| None/non-VIP toilet | 284/514 (55) | 260/637 (41) | |
| VIP toilet | 188/514 (37) | 252/637 (39) | |
| Flush toilet | 42/514 (8) | 125/637 (20) | <.001 |
| Water supply | |||
| River/stream/borehole | 150/514 (29) | 134/638 (21) | |
| Public tap/standpipe | 272/514 (53) | 308/638 (48) | |
| Piped to dwelling | 92/514 (18) | 196/638 (31) | <.001 |
| Principal cooking fuel/energy source | |||
| Firewood | 140/514 (27) | 129/637 (20) | |
| Charcoal | 325/514 (63) | 421/637 (66) | |
| Electricity | 49/514 (10) | 87/637 (14) | .006 |
| Highest level of education | |||
| Never attended school | 49/508 (10) | 52/638 (8) | |
| Primary | 274/508 (54) | 266/638 (42) | |
| Secondary/tertiary | 185/508 (36) | 320/638 (50) | <.001 |
| Unemployed | 68/514 (13) | 91/638 (14) | .61 |
| Assets ownedi | |||
| 0 | 84/515 (16) | 75/638 (12) | |
| 1 | 106/515 (20) | 112/638 (18) | |
| 2 | 122/515 (24) | 165/638 (26) | |
| 3 | 158/515 (31) | 206/638 (32) | |
| 4–5 | 35/515 (9) | 80/638 (12) | .04 |
| Difficulties obtaining food | |||
| Never | 247/514 (48) | 367/638 (58) | |
| 1–2 times/mo | 226/514 (44) | 250/638 (39) | |
| >2 times/mo | 41/514 (8) | 31/638 (3) | <.001 |
| Season of recruitment | |||
| January–March | 99/518 (19) | 204/642 (32) | |
| April–June | 100/518 (19) | 180/642 (28) | |
| July–September | 161/518 (31) | 145/642 (24) | |
| October–December | 15/518 (31) | 102/642 (16) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral treatment; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ILI, influenzalike illness; IQR, interquartile range; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infection, VIP, ventilated improved pit latrine.
aData represent No./total (%) unless otherwise specified.
bDetermined with Mantel-Haenszel χ2 test unless stated otherwise.
cWilcoxon rank sum test.
dIncluding attendance at another hospital, health center, private clinic, traditional healer, or pharmacy.
eExcluding cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-infected individuals.
fDenominator is the number of patients with known HIV infection at enrollment.
gFisher exact test.
hThe crowding index was calculated by the number of persons in the household divided by the number of sleeping rooms.
iNumber of the following assets owned in household: working refrigerator, radio, mobile phone, bed, and car/motorbike.