Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of 1868 Participants by Sex
| Variable | Category | Female, No. (%) | Male, No. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 590 (31.58) | 1278 (68.42) | |
| Age, y, median (IQR) (n = 1868) | 24.37 (8.26) | 26.00 (9.00) | |
| Duration of injection, y, median (IQR) (n = 1866) | 6.00 (7.00) | 7.00 (8.00) | |
| Race/ethnicity (n = 1748) | Nonwhite | 138 (23.39) | 268 (20.97) |
| White | 407 (68.98) | 935 (73.16) | |
| Unknowna | 45 (7.63) | 75 (5.87) | |
| Educatedb (n = 1645) | No | 267 (45.25) | 550 (43.04) |
| Yes | 248 (42.03) | 580 (45.38) | |
| Unknowna | 75 (12.71) | 148 (11.58) | |
| Stable housing (n = 1136) | No | 189 (32.03) | 441 (34.51) |
| Yes | 168 (28.47) | 338 (26.45) | |
| Unknowna | 233 (39.49) | 449 (39.05) | |
| Unemployed (n = 1010) | No | 124 (21.02) | 320 (25.04) |
| Yes | 195 (33.05) | 371 (29.03) | |
| Unknowna | 271 (45.93) | 587 (45.93) | |
| Incarceration ever (n = 1779) | No | 224 (37.97) | 306 (23.94) |
| Yes | 333 (56.44) | 916 (71.67) | |
| Unknowna | 33 (5.59) | 56 (4.38) | |
| Medication-assisted treatment (ever) (n = 1272) | No | 255 (43.22) | 611 (47.81) |
| Yes | 132 (22.37) | 274 (21.44) | |
| Unknowna | 203 (34.41) | 393 (30.75) | |
| Recent injectionc (n = 1362) | No | 53 (8.98) | 132 (10.33) |
| Yes | 364 (61.69) | 813 (63.62) | |
| Unknowna | 173 (29.32) | 333 (26.06) | |
| Receptive syringe sharing (n = 1233) | No | 247 (41.86) | 617 (48.28) |
| Yes | 124 (21.02 | 245 (19.17) | |
| Unknowna | 219 (37.12) | 416 (32.55) | |
| Receptive ancillary equipment sharing (n = 1070) | No | 158 (26.78) | 460 (35.99) |
| Yes | 165 (27.97) | 287 (22.46) | |
| Unknowna | 267 (45.25) | 531 (41.55) | |
| Needle and syringe programs (n = 938) | No | 93 (15.76) | 199 (15.57) |
| Yes | 204 (34.58) | 442 (34.59) | |
| Unknowna | 293 (49.66) | 637 (49.84) | |
| Illicit opioid used (n = 781) | No | 57 (9.66) | 128 (10.02) |
| Yes | 198 (33.56) | 398 (31.14) | |
| Unknowna | 335 (56.78) | 752 (58.84) | |
| Medication-assisted treatment (recent) (n = 1207) | No | 238 (40.34) | 577 (45.15) |
| Yes | 127 (21.53) | 265 (20.74) | |
| Unknowna | 225 (38.14) | 436 (34.12) | |
| Obtained needles from safe source (n = 985) | No | 31 (5.25) | 64 (5.01) |
| Yes | 278 (47.12) | 612 (47.89) | |
| Unknowna | 281 (47.63) | 602 (47.10) | |
| Multiple sex partnerse (n = 822) | 0 or 1 | 110 (18.64) | 314 (24.57) |
| ≥2 | 123 (20.85) | 275 (21.52) | |
| Unknowna | 357 (60.51) | 689 (53.91) | |
| Ever traded sex for goods, drug, money, housing, or favors (n = 426) | No | 53 (8.98) | 300 (23.47) |
| Yes | 34 (5.76) | 39 (3.05) | |
| Unknowna | 503 (85.25) | 939 (73.47) | |
| Recent alcohol usec (n = 1048) | No | 79 (13.39) | 179 (14.01) |
| Yes | 239 (40.51) | 551 (43.11) | |
| Unknowna | 272 (46.10) | 548 (42.88) | |
| Collaborating sites | Amsterdam, Netherlands (ACS) | 52 (8.81) | 115 (9.00) |
| Sydney, Australia (HCVC) | 100 (16.95) | 156 (12.21) | |
| Montreal, Canada (HepCo) | 50 (8.47) | 218 (17.06) | |
| Sydney, Australia (HITS-c) | 37 (6.27) | 124 (9.70) | |
| Sydney, Australia (HITS-p) | 172 (29.15) | 322 (25.20) | |
| Melbourne, Australia (SuperMIX) | 43 (7.29) | 79 (6.18) | |
| San Francisco, California (UFO) | 136 (23.05) | 264 (20.66) |
Abbreviations: ACS, Amsterdam Cohort Studies; HCVC, Hepatitis C Virus Cohort Study; HepCo, St Luc Cohort; HITS-c, Hepatitis C Incidence and Transmission Study–Community; HITS-p, Hepatitis C Incidence and Transmission Study–Prison; IQR, interquartile range; SuperMIX, Networks 2 and MIX studies; UFO, U-Find-Out Study.
aData not collected by cohort or not reported by participant.
bEducated: completed high school and higher.
cReported at the interview prior to primary hepatitis C virus infection diagnosis, recent indicates last 3–6 months prior to interview. Interview interval varies for each site: 6 months: ACS, HCVC, HEPCO, HITS-c, and HITS-p; 3 months: SuperMIX and UFO.
dHeroin/other opioids includes heroin. other opioids. and speedball. Pychostimulants includes amphetamines (including methamphetamines) and cocaine.
eRecent number of sex partners (≥2 people vs less).