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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 14.
Published in final edited form as: Med Care. 2016 Dec;54(12):1070–1077. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000601

Table 4.

Hospital characteristics associated with post-discharge observation rate and observation proportion for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and pneumonia

AMI Heart Failure Pneumonia
Hospital
Type		 Hospitals Observation
Rate		 Observation
Proportion		 RSRR RSRR-O Hospitals Observation
Rate		 Observation
Proportion		 RSRR RSRR-O Hospitals Observation
Rate		 Observation
Proportion		 RSRR RSRR-O
(N) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean
(SD)		 Mean
(SD)		 (N) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean
(SD)		 Mean
(SD)		 (N) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean
(SD)		 Mean
(SD)
Non-profit 1,155 0.024 (0.02) 0.12 (0.11) 0.18 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01) 1,897 0.018 (0.02) 0.074 (0.08) 0.22 (0.02) 0.24 (0.02) 2,142 0.013 (0.02) 0.073 (0.09) 0.17 (0.01) 0.19 (0.01)
Private 241 0.025 (0.03) 0.12 (0.12) 0.18 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01) 496 0.017 (0.02) 0.070 (0.07) 0.23 (0.01) 0.24 (0.01) 506 0.013 (0.02) 0.066 (0.90) 0.17 (0.01) 0.19 (0.01)
Public 168 0.024 (0.02) 0.13 (0.13) 0.18 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01) 446 0.020 (0.02) 0.082 (0.09) 0.22 (0.1) 0.24 (0.15) 618 0.015 (0.02) 0.090 (0.13) 0.17 (0.01) 0.18 (0.01)
p-value 0.82 0.62 0.0025 0.009 0.037 0.064 <0.0001 0.0002 0.017 0.0002 0.052 0.42
Non-teaching 973 0.025 (0.03) 0.13 (0.13) 0.18 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01) 2,139 0.019 (0.02) 0.077 (0.09) 0.22 (0.01) 0.24 (0.01) 2,585 0.014 (0.02) 0.078 (0.11) 0.17 (0.01) 0.18 (0.01)
Teaching 591 0.022 (0.02) 0.11 (0.10) 0.18 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01) 700 0.016 (0.02) 0.067 (0.07) 0.22 (0.02) 0.24 (0.02) 681 0.013 (0.02) 0.064 (0.07) 0.17 (0.01) 0.19 (0.01)
p-value 0.0046 0.0026 0.26 0.61 0.0012 0.005 0.10 0.0032 0.12 0.0012 0.026 0.12
Non-safety net 1,254 0.024 (0.02) 0.12 (0.11) 0.18 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01) 2,138 0.018 (0.02) 0.074 (0.08) 0.22 (0.02) 0.24 (0.02) 2,369 0.013 (0.02) 0.072 (0.09) 0.17 (0.01) 0.18 (0.01)
Safety net 310 0.024 (0.02) 0.12 (0.12) 0.18 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01) 701 0.019 (0.02) 0.075 (0.09) 0.23 (0.01) 0.24 (0.02) 897 0.015 (0.02) 0.083 (0.12) 0.17 (0.01) 0.18 (0.01)
p-value 0.87 0.64 0.025 0.048 0.19 0.65 0.061 0.023 0.0078 0.0046 0.26 0.89
Rural 220 0.031 (0.03) 0.16 (0.15) 0.18 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01) 989 0.022 (0.02) 0.089 (0.10) 0.22 (0.01) 0.24 (0.01) 1,402 0.015 (0.02) 0.089 (0.13) 0.17 (0.01) 0.18 (0.01)
Urban 1,344 0.023 (0.02) 0.12 (0.11) 0.18 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01) 1,850 0.016 (0.02) 0.066 (0.07) 0.22 (0.02) 0.24 (0.02) 1,864 0.012 (0.01) 0.065 (0.07) 0.17 (0.01) 0.18 (0.01)
p-value <0.0001 <0.0001 0.36 0.17 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.15 0.0003 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.013 0.30

RSRR: Risk-Standardized Readmission Rate

RSRR-O: Risk-standardized Readmission Rate including observation stays as an outcome