Table 3.

Estimated linear regression models for the EQ-VAS score. Individuals aged 80-plus

Variables	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	Coefficients	p-value	Coefficients	p-value	Coefficients	p-value
EQ-5D Dimension
Mobility problems
No problems	–				–
Slight problems	−5.37	***			−5.16	***
Moderate problems	−8.32	***			−8.52	***
Severe problems	−10.32	***			−10.3	***
Extreme Problems	−13.61	***			−14.04	***
Self-care problems
No problems	–				–
Slight problems	−2.51	*			−2.11
Moderate problems	−5.10	***			−5.07	***
Severe problems	−6.81	***			−6.31	***
Extreme Problems	−6.89	***			−6.22	***
Usual activity problems
No problems	–				–
Slight problems	−2.13	*			−1.44
Moderate problems	−4.30	***			−3.24	**
Severe problems	−5.30	***			−3.78	**
Extreme Problems	−7.82	***			−6.24	**
Pain/Discomfort
No problems	–				–
Slight problems	−3.35	***			−3.04	***
Moderate problems	−6.57	***			−5.64	***
Severe problems	−9.27	***			−8.36	***
Extreme Problems	−15.08	***			−13.71	***
Anxiety/Depression
No problems	–				–
Slight problems	−5.30	***			−4.47	***
Moderate problems	−6.22	***			−4.69	***
Severe problems	−6.52	***			−4.16	***
Extreme Problems	−12.42	***			−10.71	***
Constant	72.10	***	83.40	***	52.73	***
Age			−0.23	**	0.27	***
Female [vs. male]			−2.40	***	0.38
Low education [vs. middle/high]			−3.58	***	−2.58	**
Low social class [vs. middle/high]			−2.18	**	−1.44
Sensory impairment (0–4)			−5.18	***	−1.97	***
Chronic conditions (0–33)			−1.32	***	−0.49	***
Underweight or obese [vs. normal or overweight]			−2.89	***	0.47
Number of prescription drugs in the last 2 days			−0.67	***	0.21
Hospitalization in the last 12 months			−3.62	***	−2.08	**
Number of emergency visits in the last 12 months			−0.89	***	−0.25
Sample size (N)	2264		2212		2212
R-squared	0.40		0.25		0.42

Source: ESCA 2011–2016

*** p < 0.01; ** p < 0.05; * p < 0.10. Linear regression models were used to estimate the EQ-VAS scores. EQ-VAS: EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale. The reference categories appear in brackets