Table 4.
Prognostic factors related to mortality
| Variables | N | Univariable Cox regression | Multivariable Cox regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) |
P | Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
P | ||
| Age, years | – | 0.996 (0.982–1.010) | 0.596 | 1.005 (0.981 – 1.029) | 0.679 |
| Sex, male | 60 | 1.224 (0.792–1.890) | 0.363 | 0.721 (0.398 – 1.307) | 0.282 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | – | 0.925 (0.869–0.984) | 0.013 | 0.968 (0.901 – 1.041) | 0.381 |
| Poor performance statusa | 35 | 1.201 (0.776–1.859) | 0.411 | 0.801 (0.470 – 1.363) | 0.413 |
| Intubation due to respiratory failure before intervention | 12 | 1.308 (0.692–2.470) | 0.409 | 1.110 (0.517 – 2.384) | 0.788 |
| Primary site of malignancy | |||||
| Esophageal, head & neck, renal, and colorectal cancer and othersb | 77 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Thyroid cancer and lymphoma | 21 | 0.316 (0.174–0.575) | < 0.001 | 0.245 (0.104–0.573) | 0.001 |
| Site of lesion | |||||
| Single lesion | 93 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Extended lesion | 5 | 3.399 (1.333–8.663) | 0.010 | 1.407 (0.433 – 4.571) | 0.571 |
| Type of obstruction | |||||
| Endobronchial lesion | 29 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Extrinsic compression | 15 | 1.261 (0.624–2.551) | 0.518 | 0.879 (0.321–2.404) | 0.802 |
| Mixed lesion | 54 | 1.914 (1.171–3.130) | 0.010 | 1.951 (1.084–3.510) | 0.026 |
| Severity of stenosis (Myer and Cotton Grade)c | |||||
| II and III | 80 | Reference | Reference | ||
| IV | 18 | 1.057 (0.617–1.809) | 0.841 | 0.556 (0.276 – 1.120) | 0.100 |
| Length of MCAOd, mm | – | 1.007 (0.989–1.024) | 0.468 | 1.016 (0.988 – 1.044) | 0.274 |
| Number of interventional bronchoscopies | |||||
| 1 | 63 | Reference | Reference | ||
| ≥ 2 | 35 | 0.721 (0.461–1.129) | 0.153 | 0.787 (0.461 – 1.342) | 0.378 |
| Detection time of MCAO | |||||
| Initial diagnosis of malignancy that have not yet been treated | 22 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Disease progression of malignancy despite anti-cancer treatment | 76 | 1.963 (1.146–3.362) | 0.014 | 1.541 (0.710 – 3.347) | 0.274 |
| Adjuvant treatment after interventional bronchoscopy | |||||
| Not receiving adjuvant treatment | 56 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Receiving adjuvant treatment | 42 | 0.501 (0.327–0.768) | 0.002 | 0.519 (0.301–0.895) | 0.018 |
HR hazard ratio, CI confidential interval, MCAO malignant central airway obstruction
aAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status class ≥3 means severe systemic disease with functional limitation
bSarcoma (n = 4), breast cancer (n = 3), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 3), gastric cancer (n = 1), ovarian cancer (n = 1), neuroblastoma (n = 1), thymic cancer (n = 1), mesothelioma (n = 1), and peripheral nerve sheath tumor (n = 1)
cCategorization based on the percentage of reduction in cross-sectional area. Grade 1, ≤ 50% lumenal stenosis; Grade II, 51–70% lumenal stenosis; Grade III, 71–99% lumenal stenosis; Grade IV, no lumen
dLength of MCAO was defined as the sum of the length of the obstructive lesions more than Grade II