Table 1.
Summary of animal models.
| Microinfarcts | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Model Type | Brain location | Lesion size reported/depicted | Lesion number reported; Consistency | Animal age | Ref. |
| Injected microemboli | Induced | Cortex, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, corpus callosum | ~100-500 μm
diameter (~0.3 mm2 area) |
Numerous microinfarcts per injection; Very consistent | Any age | 8, 10 |
| Laser-induced | Induced | Cortex | ~500 μm
diameter (~0.2 mm3 volume) |
One microinfarct per microvessel occlusion; Very consistent | Any age | 12, 58 |
| BCAS (C57Bl/6) | Spontaneous | Cortex and thalamus | Wide range of sizes (~0.5 mm3 volume) |
<10 microinfarcts per brain; ~50% of mice examined | 3 months start plus 6 months of BCAS | 19 |
| BCAS (TgSwDI) | Spontaneous | Cortex and hippocampus | ~100-300 μm
diameter (0.01 to 0.03 mm2 area) |
1-10 microinfarcts per brain; ~25-40% of mice examined | 4-8 months start plus 2-3 months of BCAS | 22, 23 |
| BCAS (Apoe−/−) | Spontaneous | Hippocampus | ~200 μm diameter | Multiple microinfarcts per brain; ~75% of mice examined | 3 months start plus 1.5 months of BCAS | 24 |
| APP/PS1 × db | Spontaneous | Cortex | ~500 μm diameter | Multiple microinfarcts per brain; ~75% of mice examined | 7 months | 25 |
| eNOS+/− | Spontaneous | Cortex, hippocampus, thalamus | ~100-500 μm diameter | Multiple microinfarcts per brain; Consistency unspecified | 12, 18 months | 13 |
| Notch3 mutant (R170C) | Spontaneous | Cortex (motor) | ~50-100 μm in diameter | Number per brain not specified; 12% of mice examined | 20-22 months | 28 |
| Townes sickle cell mouse | Spontaneous | Cortex | ~100-500 μm
diameter (~0.05 mm2 area) |
~5 microinfarcts over 20 sections per brain; 100% of mice examined | 13 months | 14 |
| Microhemorrhages | ||||||
| Laser-induced | Induced | Cortex | ~100 μm diameter (hemorrhage core) | 1 microhemorrhage per rupture; Very consistent | Any age | 33, 34 |
| APP23 | Spontaneous | Cortex, thalamus | ~50-300 μm diameter | 15-30 microbleeds per brain; Very consistent | 20-28 months | 35, 43–46 |
| BCAS (TgSwDI) | Spontaneous | Thalamus | Not depicted | Very few microhemorrhages per brain; 30% of mice examined | 4-8 months | 22, 23 |
| BCAS (C57Bl/6) | Spontaneous | Thalamus | ~150 μm diameter, but wide range reported | Multiple microhemorrhages per brain; ~75% of mice examined | 6 months | 19 |
| eNOS+/− | Spontaneous | Cortex | ~25 μm diameter | ~8 microhemorrhages over 9-10 sections per brain; Consistency unspecified | 18 months | 13 |
| Notch3 mutant (R170C) | Spontaneous | Cortex | ~25 μm diameter | Number per brain not specified; 12% of mice examined | 20-22 months | 28 |
| SPSHR | Spontaneous | Cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, corpus callosum | ~50-150 μm diameter | Multiple microhemorrhages per brain; ~60% of rats examined | 8-12 months | 52 |
| R+/A+ (high salt and L-NAME) | Spontaneous | Brain stem, cerebellum, basal ganglia | ~50-150 μm diameter | Multiple microhemorrhages per brain; Very consistent | ~11 months start plus 6 month treatment | 55 |
| Tg2576 (AngII and L-NAME) | Spontaneous | Cortex and hippocampus | <100 μm in diameter | Multiple microhemorrhages per brain; Very consistent | ~15 months start plus 1 week treatment | 56 |
| HHcy (C57Bl/6) | Spontaneous | Cortex and hippocampus | ~100 μm diameter | ~2-3 microhemorrhages per section; Consistency unspecified | 7 months start plus 4 months diet | 36 |
| HHcy (APP/PS1) | Spontaneous | Cortex and hippocampus | ~100 μm diameter | ~4 microhemorrhages per section; Consistency unspecified | 12 months start plus 6 months diet | 57 |