Table 1.
Age-standardized characteristics of participants from the Swedish Mammography Cohort (aged 50–84 years) and the Cohort of Swedish Men (aged 45–79 years) with type 2 diabetes at baseline 1998, by sex and total fish consumption.a
|
Total fish consumption, servings (median) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Women (n = 912) |
Men (n = 1313) |
||||||
|
≤3/month (0.5/week) |
1–<2/week (1.4/week) |
2–3/week (2.4/week) |
>3/week (4.0/week) |
≤3/month (0.5/week) |
1–<2 /week (1.4/week) |
2–3/week (2.4/week) |
>3/week (3.5/week) |
|
| No. of participants | 81 | 330 | 316 | 185 | 151 | 581 | 400 | 181 |
| Age (mean ± SD, years) | 66.0 ± 9.4 | 64.2 ± 8.8 | 66.0 ± 8.6 | 66.9 ± 8.6 | 62.2 ± 8.8 | 62.5 ± 8.8 | 62.9 ± 8.5 | 65.4 ± 8.1 |
| Time since type 2 diabetes diagnosis (mean, years) | 8.5 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 8.0 | 7.4 |
| BMI (mean, kg/m2) | 28 | 28 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 28 | 28 |
| Physical activity (>40 min of walking or bicycling/day, %) | 45 | 34 | 38 | 41 | 24 | 34 | 31 | 40 |
| University education (%) | 3 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 14 |
| Current smokers (%) | 24 | 20 | 18 | 16 | 24 | 22 | 22 | 25 |
| Alcohol (mean, g/day) | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 |
| Energy intake (mean, kcal/day) | 1500 | 1610 | 1750 | 1910 | 2300 | 2430 | 2560 | 3000 |
| DASH diet component scoreb | ||||||||
| Quartile 1 (%) | 28 | 17 | 14 | 12 | 50 | 40 | 31 | 25 |
| Quartile 2 (%) | 32 | 22 | 21 | 18 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 26 |
| Quartile 3 (%) | 16 | 31 | 26 | 24 | 16 | 19 | 25 | 25 |
| Quartile 4 (%) | 21 | 30 | 39 | 46 | 5 | 11 | 14 | 24 |
| Fried fish consumption (mean, times/month) | 2.2 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 4.8 |
| History of hypertension (%) | 36 | 40 | 45 | 49 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 41 |
| History of high cholesterol (%) | 7 | 10 | 12 | 22 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 |
| Family history of MI (%) | 13 | 16 | 19 | 19 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 |
| Aspirin use (%) | 38 | 41 | 44 | 41 | 36 | 35 | 31 | 38 |
| Fish oil supplement use (%) | 9 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
Total fish is the sum of three finfish items: herring/mackerel, salmon/whitefish/char and cod/saithe/fish fingers; all variables except age are standardized to the age distribution of the study cohorts of women and men; data were missing on BMI for 109 participants, physical activity for 183 participants, education for 28 participants, smoking status for 33 participants, alcohol intake for 479 participants and diet score for 23 participants.
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score based on intake of fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes, low-fat dairy, whole grains, sodium, sweetened beverages, and red and processed meats [19].