Table 1.

Summary of anthocyanin production in engineered bacteria.

E. coli strain	Genetic modifications	Substrate	Product	Fermentation conditions	Titer/μM	Ref.
JM109	MdF3H/AaDFR/MdANS/PhF3GT	0.25 mM Naringenin	Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside	M9 minimal medium (pH 7) plus UDP-glucose; IPTG induction at RT	0.012	[63]
		0.1 mM Eriodictyol	Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside		0.012
BL21* (DE3)	MdF3H/AaDFR/At3GT/PhANS	0.2 mM Naringenin	Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside	M9 minimal medium (pH 7) with 2-oxoglutarate, sodium ascorbate and UDP-glucose; IPTG induction at 30 °C	1.34	[39]
		0.2 mM Eriodictyol	Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside		3.88
	MdF3H/AaDFR/At3GT/PhANS/DuLAR	0.2 mM Naringenin	Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside		2.09
		0.2 mM Eriodictyol	Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside		4.27
	MdF3H/AaDFR/At3GT/PhANS/DuLAR/Dv3MaT	0.2 mM Naringenin	Pelargonidin 3-O-6″-O-malonylglucoside		0.18
		0.2 mM Eriodictyol	Cyanidin 3-O-6″-O-malonylglulcoside		0.21
BL21* (DE3)	At3GT/PhANS	0.75 mM Catechin	Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside	3 h IPTG induction at 30 °C; 5-fold concentration in M9 minimal medium as listed above without UDP-glucose	5.16
BL21* (DE3)	At3GT/PhANS	0.75 mM Catechin	Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside	Concentrated in modified M9 minimal medium (pH 5)	80
	At3GT/PhANS/galU/pgm	0.75 mM Catechin	Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside	Same as above.	127
	Fusion of At3GT and PhANS/galU/pgm	0.75 mM Catechin	Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside		146
		0.75 mM afzelechin	Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside		168
BL21* (DE3)	Fusion of At3GT and PhANS/galU/pgm/ndk/Δudg/galE/T(inactive)	Catechin	Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside	Modified M9 medium (pH 5) with orotic acid (0.1 mM)	215	[21]
		afzelechin	Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside		241
BL21* (DE3)	At3GT/PhANS/galU/pgm/cmk/ndk/YadH/ΔtolC	2.5 mM Catechin	Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside	Modified M9 medium (pH 5) with 1% glucose, 5 mM IPTG, 2-oxoglutarate, sodium ascorbate, and orotic acid.	260	[43]
	At3GT/PhANS/galU/pgm/cmk/ndk/ycjU	2.5 mM Catechin	Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside		252
	At3GT/PhANS/cmk/ndk/ycjU	2.5 mM Catechin	Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside	Feed glucose and catechin	421
BL21* (DE3)	At3GT/PhANS/galU/pgm/cmk/ndk/ycjU	2.5 mM Catechin	Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside	Induced at stationary phase; modified M9 medium (pH 5) with 1% glucose, 5 mM IPTG, 2-oxoglutarate, sodium ascorbate, and orotic acid; feed glucose and catechin	722
BL21* (DE3)	MBP-At3GT/MBP-PhANS/VvAOMT/MetJ↓ (CRISPRi)	3.44 mM Catechin	Peonidin 3-O-glucoside	Semi-rich medium AMM with 2% glucose, IPTG induction (1 mM) and production process at 30 °C	112	[48]