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. 2018 Mar 14;8:4556. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22598-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Secretion of albumin in folding and unfolding groups. (a-i) Folding group: microplates with alginate sacrificial layer. After adding alginate lyase, the microplates were detached from the glass substrate and folded to form a number of dodecahedrons with co-cultured cells. (a-ii) Unfolding group: microplates without the alginate sacrificial layer. After adding alginate lyase, the microplates could not undergo folding. (b) Secreted albumin levels were measured in the folding and unfolding groups from the 1^st day to the 11^th day after co-culture. C_N and C_H were 5 × 10⁵ cells/ml. Levels in each group were measured as described in Methods. *p < 0.05.