Table 1.

Induction of liver failure models

Treatment	Model	Term	Age (weeks)	Regenerative cellsa	Graft	% Engraftment	References
Acetaminophen (paracetamol)	Mouse	Acute	4–6	VAL9 hESCs, hiPSC derived cells	1 × 106 GFP-labeled VAL-Hep, intrasplenic	10.2, at day 30 post-Tx	[18, 44]
2-Acetylaminofluorine	Rat	Chronic	7–8	HPCs, WB-F344	–	–	[192]
Carbon tetrachloride	Mouse	Acute	ND	LPCs	–	–	[44]
Diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-collidin (DDC)-diet	Mouse	Chronic	ND	HNF1β+	–	–	[44]
Choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented (CDE)-diet	Mouse	Chronic	ND	HNF1β+	–	–	[44]
Atherogenic + high fat dietb	Mouse	Chronic	8	HCs	1 × 105 GFP-Tg ADSCs, intrasplenic	Detected ≤ 2 weeks in liver post-Tx	[67]
Tamoxifen	Mouse	Chronic	ND	GFP+HNF4+ CK19− HCs. YFP+CK19− HNF4α+ periportal HCs HybHPc	–	Tracked for 9 months	[31]
Diethylnitrosamine	Mouse	Chronic	6–9	hESC/iPSC-derived HCs	0.1–2 × 106 hESC/iPSC-derived HLCs, i.v.	2–17% in the liver, 8 weeks post-Tx	[111]
Retrorsine + PHx	Rat	Acute	4	HCs	5 × 106 HCs, intrasplenic	Detected ≤ 2 weeks in liver post-Tx	[39, 68]
	Mouse	Acute	ND	HCs, MSCs	2 × 106 hu fetal HCs and/or hFLMSC	Co-Tx 81,000/mm3 liver	[72]
Monocrotaline	Rat	Acute	8–10	DPPIV+ HCs	1 × 107 fresh DPPIV+ HCs, intrasplenic	≤ 1000 cells/50 consecutive liver lobules 3 months post Tx	[193]
Irradiation + PHx	Rat	Acute	7–8	HCs + fibroblasts	Co-Tx fibroblast + multilayered HCs sheets, s.c.	Detected 2 months post-Tx	[69]
HCV	Mouse	Chronic	5–8 months	hESCs- and hiPSCs-derived HLCs	4 × 106 HLCs, intrasplenic	–	[194]
Ganciclovir	Mouse	Chronic	7–8	Endothelial	12 EGFP- or KO1-hiPSC-LB on the mesentery	–	[145]
Diphtheria toxin					3–4  ×  106 hu HCs under kidney capsule	–
Thioacetamide	Mouse	Acute	7–8	ADMSC, HLCs, CK8+	5 × 106 EGFP-labeled ADMSC, intrasplenic or i.v.	Detected ≤ 4 weeks in liver post-Tx	[126]
Phenobarbital + CCl4	Rat	Chronic	38	–	–	–	[67]
Galactosamine	Rat	Acute	8–10	–	8.8–10.5 × 106 HC, i.p.	1 week post-Tx	[174]

ADMSC adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, HC hepatocytes, HLC hepatocyte-like cell, HPCs hepatic progenitor cells, HybHP hybrid hepatocytes, hiPSC-LB human induced pluripotent stem cells-liver buds, s.c. subcutaneously, i.p. intraperitoneal, i.v. intravenous, Tx transplantation, EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein or human Kusabira-Orange (KO1) for live imaging [126], hFLMSC human fetal liver mesenchymal stem cells, ND or (–) non determined, DPPIV dipeptidyl peptidase IV

^aThe cell populations that are involved in liver regeneration per experiment

^bComposed of cocoa butter, cholesterol, cholate, and corticotropin-releasing factor-1

^cHybHP have an elevated Sox9 promoter activity and expression of other ductal markers were studied in Sox9-Cre ^ERT ;R26R ^tdTomato mice