Table 1.
Overview on several fungal species: agglomeration type, variations in pellet morphology and possibilities of morphological alteration; if not mentioned otherwise, preferred morphology refers to cultivation
| Type | Species | Preferred morphology | Alteration of morphology | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coagulative type |
Aspergillus
A. niger A. nidulans A. oryzae |
For citric acid production: Swollen hyphal branches, compact agglomerates = clumps, pellets featuring thin biomass layers and loose core For production of fructosyl-transferase: Small, spherical |
Strong agitation (filament fragmentation wanted) Aeration using oxygen/air 1:1 mixture, high growth rate low pH (2.0 ± 0.2), Manganese presence Spore inoculum level Pellet dispersion instead of spore inoculum Surfactant: Tween 20 |
Wilkinson 1998 Papagianni 2007 Papagianni and Mattey 2006 Prosser and Tough 1991 Wang et al. 2017 Kurakake et al. 2017 |
| Phanerochaete chrysosporium | Small pellet size (~ 5.5 mm3) for lignin peroxidase production | High shear rate | Zhang and Zhang 2016 Zmak et al. 2006 |
|
| Blakeslea and Choanephora | Compact pellet form | Anionic polymers hinder spore aggregation prior to germination | Prosser and Tough 1991 | |
| C. unicolor | Compact star-shaped pellet form, | Microparticle-enhanced cultivation (Al2O3 particles) | Antecka et al. 2016 | |
| C. fumago | Compact pellet form | Small inoculum volume, carbon source (fructose) | Carmichael and Pickard 1989 | |
| C. sinensis | Small and loose pellets | Surfactant: Tween 80 pH: optimum 6.0 | Liu and Wu 2012 | |
| Non – coagulative type | A. ochraceus | Compact pellet form | Spore inoculum and agitation | Abd-Elsalam 2009 |
| R. oryzae | Loose pellets in lactic acid production | Medium: peptone, dextrose, calcium carbonate | Liao et al. 2007 | |
| Hyphal element agglomerating type | P. chrysogenum | “Fluffy” pellet to ensure largest possible active layer with high quantities of cytosol | Aeration using oxygen/air, controlled growth rate CSL in medium, CO2 concentration Spore inoculum level Physiological process control based on morphological modelling approach |
Wilkinson 1998 Nielsen et al. 1995 Prosser and Tough 1991 Ho and Smith 1986 Posch and Herwig (2014) |
| P. sp. L1 | Large pellet size | Pellet dispersion instead of spore inoculum | Liu et al. 2017 |