TBE-31 fails to improve insulin sensitivity in HFFr-fed Nrf2-/-mice. During Study 2, physiological end-points and glucose homeostasis were examined in wild-type and Nrf2-null mice fed an RC or HF30Fr (HFFr) diet (n = 6–8 mice per group). (A) Body weight gain of mice up until intervention at end of Week 10 (left, vertical striped bars, RC; diagonal striped bars, HFFr) and following (Weeks 11–16) of treatment (right). (B) Glucose production (pyruvate tolerance) with AUC in Nrf2+/+ (squares) and Nrf2-/- (triangles) mice after 10 weeks HF30Fr diet, followed by 5 weeks treatment with DMSO (white squares and triangles) or TBE-31 (black squares and triangles). (C) Insulin sensitivity (% change in blood glucose) in Nrf2+/+ (squares) and Nrf2-/- (triangles) mice after 10 weeks HF30Fr diet followed by 4 weeks with DMSO (white squares and triangles) or TBE-31 (black squares and triangles). White bars, DMSO; black bars, TBE-31. Data are means ± SEM. Significant changes: ∗P < .05; ∗∗,$$P < .01; ∗∗∗,$$$P < .001. D–F, Scale bars = 100 μm. AUC, area under the curve,