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. 2018 Feb 10;16(2):57. doi: 10.3390/md16020057

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Mechanism of marine peptides or proteins in neutralizing LPS. LPS can bind to TLR4, which subsequently activates the pro-inflammatory pathways and release cytokines (A). Interaction of peptides or proteins with LPS may include (i) a direct effect, in which peptides or proteins directly bind to LPS, thus inhibiting the LPS-TLR4/MD2 binding and the activation of the signal pathways (B); and (ii) an indirect effect, in which peptides or proteins competitively bind to CD14 or TLR4, which thereby indirectly inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory response (C) [82,93].