Table 4.

Challenges and strategies for new antibacterial and antiendotoxic marine peptides or proteins.

Challenges	Strategies	References
Toxicity	Amino acids substitution (including D-amino acids) or deletion; truncation	[20,21,32,37,94]
	Fusion expression	[37]
	Reducing hydrophobicity	[32,34]
	Topical application	[95]
Stability	Amidation, acetylation and cyclization	[96,97,99]
	D-amino acids substitution	[101,102,103]
Cost	New fusion expression system	[37,67]
	Improvement in solvent extraction technique	[17,105]
	Cost-effective purification method	[106,107]