Type of alternative splicing | TFs | Effects on TF |
Exon skipping/retention |
NFIX1/2/3 | NFIX2: regulator of fetal muscle genes |
HEBα/β | HEBα: higher DNA binding and transcriptional activity
HEBβ: synergises with MyoD in early differentiation |
|
PAX3Q+/− | PAX3Q-: stronger binding affinity and higher transcriptional activity | |
PAX7Q+/− | NA | |
PAX7GL+/− | PAX7GL-: increased binding affinity | |
PAX7-2 | PAX7-2: reduced transcriptional activity | |
E12/47
E2A-2/5 |
E2A-2/5: dominant negative activity | |
MEF2A/B/C β | MEF2A/B/C β: higher transcriptional activity | |
TCF4 A-R | TCF4 AD1-containing isoforms: higher transcriptional activity | |
TCF4 FL/Δ | TCF4 FL/Δ: no correlation with transcriptional activity | |
Intron retention |
TMyoD1α/β | NA |
ID1A/B | ID1A: inhibits the formation of E12/MYOD heterodimers.
ID1B: prevents the assembly of E12/E12 homodimers. |
|
ID3/3L | ID3L: reduced antagonistic activity versus E47 | |
Mutually exclusive exons |
MEF2A/B/C α1/α2 | MEF2A/B/C α1: repressor of terminal differentiation MEF2A/B/C α2: activator of terminal differentiation |
TCF4 A-R | TCF4 AD1-containing isoforms: higher transcriptional activity | |
Alternative 5’ or 3’ splice site usage |
TCF4 A-R −/+ | TCF4 -/+: no correlation with transactivation activity |
MEF2C γ | MEF2C γ: reduced transcriptional activity | |
Alternative 3’ terminal exon |
CiMDFa/b | CiMDFb: higher myogenic effector function |
PAX7A/B | PAX7A/B: myogenic commitment | |
PAX3A/B | NA | |
PAX3C/D | PAX3C: necessary for terminal myogenic differentiation
PAX3D: maintenance and/or proliferation of muscle precursor |
|
Premature termination codon (PTC) |
TMyoD1γ | TMyoD1γ: role in the regulation of TmyoD1 expression |