Table 2.
Signalling metabolites and their receptor
| Ligand | Receptor | Receptor expression | Cardiac function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Succinate | GPR91/Sucnr1 | Kidney, liver, intestine, central nervous system, heart | Increased expression in hypertrophy | 105-107 |
| α-Ketoglutarate | GPR99/Oxgr1 | Skeletal muscle, central nervous system, adrenal gland, testis, kidney, heart | Increased expression in hypertrophy | 109, 110-113 |
| β-Hydroxybutyrate | GPR109A/Niacr1 | Adipocytes, immunce cells, intestinal epithelium | N/A | 115, 116 |
| GPR41/FFAR3 | N/A | |||
| Lactate | GPR81/HCAR1 | adipocytes, brain, cancer cells, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart | N/A | 117, 119 |