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. 2017 Mar 3;113(4):411–421. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvx017

Table 2.

Signalling metabolites and their receptor

Ligand Receptor Receptor expression Cardiac function Reference
Succinate GPR91/Sucnr1 Kidney, liver, intestine, central nervous system, heart Increased expression in hypertrophy 105-107
α-Ketoglutarate GPR99/Oxgr1 Skeletal muscle, central nervous system, adrenal gland, testis, kidney, heart Increased expression in hypertrophy 109, 110-113
β-Hydroxybutyrate GPR109A/Niacr1 Adipocytes, immunce cells, intestinal epithelium N/A 115, 116
GPR41/FFAR3 N/A
Lactate GPR81/HCAR1 adipocytes, brain, cancer cells, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart N/A 117, 119