Figure 3.

Postprandial responses for glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) (a) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (b). 12 T2D and 12 non-diabetic subjects were observed after consumption of 20 g whey proteins (WP) or water as a pre-meal 15 min prior to a fat-rich meal. Dotted vertical line (y = −15) indicates pre-meal consumption. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 24. ^# indicates differences between pre-meals (WP and water). ANOVA for repeated measurements was used to examine the effect of diabetes, intervention and time on the postprandial responses.