Table 2.
Postprandial concentrations (95%-CI) to selected time points of biochemical parameters during the postprandial period. Subjects with (n = 12) and without type 2 diabetes (T2D) (n = 12) 1 were observed for 360 min after consumption of a pre-meal of whey proteins or water before a fat-rich main meal.
| Type 2 Diabetes | Non-Diabetes | P-Value 3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter, Unit | Time, min | Whey Protein | Water | Whey Protein | Water | Diabetes × Intervention | Diabetes × Time | Intervention × Time |
| ApoB-48 2, µg/L | −15 (fasting) | 8596 (6847–10346) | 8750 (6968–10532) | 9141 (7304–10978) | 9348 (7470–11227) | 0.9282 | 0.0039 | 0.9416 |
| 240 | 23340 (18591–28090)x | 23758 (18920–28595)x | 18068 (14438–21699)y | 18478 (14766–22191)y | ||||
| 360 | 18029 (14360–21697)x | 18351 (14614–22088)x | 14202 (11349–17056)y | 14525 (11606–17443)y | ||||
| Triglycerides 2, mmol/L | −15 (fasting) | 1.47 (1.17–1.76) | 1.52 (1.22–1.82) | 1.25 (1.00–1.50) | 1.27 (1.02–1.52) | 0.9994 | 0.1011 | 0.9852 |
| 240 | 2.53 (2.02–2.03) | 2.62 (2.10–3.14) | 2.15 (1.72–2.58) | 2.19 (1.75–2.63) | ||||
| 360 | 2.04 (1.63–2.45) | 2.11 (1.69–2.53) | 1.74 (1.39–2.08) | 1.77 (1.41–2.11) | ||||
| NEFA, mmol/L | −15 (fasting) | 0.62 (0.58–0.66) | 0.60 (0.56–0.64) | 0.53 (0.49–0.57) | 0.52 (0.48–0.56) | 0.8925 | 0.7671 | 0.6513 |
| 120 | 0.26 (0.21–0.30) | 0.23 (0.19–0.28) | 0.17 (0.13–0.21) | 0.16 (0.11–0.20) | ||||
| 360 | 0.55 (0.51–0.59) | 0.53 (0.49–0.57) | 0.47 (0.42–0.51) | 0.44 (0.41–0.49) | ||||
| Insulin 2, pmol/L | −15 (fasting) | 60.9 (43.7–78.1) | 63.1 (45.5–80.6) | 50.3 (36.4–64.2) | 52.9 (28.3–67.5) | 0.2555 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| 15 | 266.9 (192.7–341.2)x | 179.9 (129.9–230.0)y | 259.9 (188.3–331.5)x | 175.8 (127.4–224.4)y | ||||
| 120 | 218.5 (157.7–279.3) | 208.4 (150.4V–266.4) | 124.1 (89.9–158.2) | 118.8 (86.1–151.5) | ||||
| Glucagon 2, pg/mL | −15 (fasting) | 84.5 (76.9–92.1) | 83.3 (75.8–90.8) | 74.1 (67.5–80.7) | 71.9 (65.5–78.4) | 0.8994 | 0.1111 | <0.0001 |
| 15 | 153.2 (139.5–166.9)x | 118.5 (107.9–129.1)y | 134.3 (122.3–146.3)x | 102.3 (93.2–111.5)y | ||||
| 120 | 111.1 (101.1–121.0) | 117.9 (107.3–128.4) | 97.4 (88.7–106.1) | 101.8 (92.7–110.8) | ||||
| Glucose, mmol/L | −15 (fasting) | 8.47 (8.08–8.85) | 8.58 (8.19–8.96) | 5.61 (5.22–5.99) | 5.47 (5.08–5.9) | 0.0865 | <0.0001 | 0.5188 |
| 30 | 9.83 (9.44–10.21)x | 9.94 (9.55–10.32)x | 5.69 (5.58–6.35)y | 5.82 (5.44–6.21)y | ||||
| 120 | 9.85 (9.46–10.23)x | 9.96 (9.57–10.34)x | 5.46 (5.08–5.85)y | 5.33 (4.94–5.71)y | ||||
| GLP-1 2, pmol/L | −15 (fasting) | 21.6 (18.6–24.5) | 19.5 (16.8–22.3) | 14.2 (12.4–16.0) | 13.7 (11.9–15.5) | 0.4138 | 0.8896 | 0.4129 |
| 120 | 47.7 (41.2–54.3) | 43.3 (37.2–49.3) | 31.4 (27.3–35.5) | 30.4 (26.4–34.3) | ||||
| 360 | 26.0 (22.4–29.6) | 23.6 (20.2–26.9) | 17.1 (14.9–19.3) | 16.5 (14.4–18.7) | ||||
| GIP 2, pmol/L | −15 (fasting) | 9.7 (7.9–11.5) | 10.7 (8.8–12.7) | 8.5 (7.0–10.1) | 9.7 (7.9–11.5) | 0.9829 | 0.2080 | <0.0001 |
| 120 | 60.9 (49.7–72.1)x | 51.6 (42.1–61.1)y | 53.7 (43.9–63.6)x | 46.6 (38.0–55.2)y | ||||
| 360 | 28.8 (23.4–34.0) | 27.7 (22.6–32.8) | 25.3 (20.7–30.0) | 25.0 (20.4–29.6) | ||||
| S-paracetamol 2,4, µmol/L | 30 | 53.5 (33.8–73.2)x | 107.8 (67.0–148.6)y | 55.8 (35.3–76.3)x | 116.4 (72.3–160.4)y | 0.4115 | 0.0271 | 0.0390 |
| 120 | 56.9 (36.1–77.7) | 58.7 (37.4–80.2) | 60.0 (38.1–81.9) | 64.2 (40.75–9.6) | ||||
1 Values are means (95% confidence interval) unless otherwise stated. 2 Medians (95% confidence interval). 3 The hypothesis was to test if the response curves for the two interventions during the postprandial period were parallel. No third-order interactions were found for the measured parameters except for glucagon (P = 0.0340). 4 All fasting values below detection limit. Values in a row with different superscript letters are significantly different, P < 0.05. Abbreviations: ApoB-48: apolipoproteins B-48, NEFA: non-esterified fatty acids, GLP-1: glucagon-like polypeptide 1, GIP: gastric inhibitory polypeptide, WP: whey proteins.