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. 2018 Jan 26;10(2):126. doi: 10.3390/nu10020126

Table 3.

Bacterial phyla and genera of human participants at the end of the control diet period and each of the almond diet periods, each for three weeks 1.

Almond Treatments, % of Sequences 1
Control 0 g/Day Almond Butter 42 g/Day Chopped Almonds 42 g/Day Whole Roasted 42 g/Day Whole Raw 42 g/Day p-Value
PhylaandGenera
Firmicutes 63.9 ± 1.99 64.2 ± 1.99 66.2 ± 2.13 66.2 ± 1.99 66.1 ± 2.03 0.68
 Faecalibacterium 4.39 ± 0.68 4.62 ± 0.68 4.48 ± 0.70 4.40 ± 0.68 4.94 ± 0.68 0.63
 Coprococcus 4.54 ± 0.54 4.60 ± 0.54 4.51 ± 0.56 5.06 ± 0.54 4.59 ± 0.54 0.73
 Ruminococcus 4.65 ± 0.70 4.73 ± 0.69 3.70 ± 0.73 4.22 ± 0.69 3.88 ± 0.70 0.39
 Blautia 2.09 ± 0.33 2.07 ± 0.33 2.36 ± 0.34 2.37 ± 0.33 2.24 ± 0.33 0.63
 Dorea 1.61 ± 0.28 1.71 ± 0.28 1.67 ± 0.29 1.77 ± 0.28 1.58 ± 0.29 0.87
 Phascolarctobacterium 2 0.23 ± 0.29 0.24 ± 0.29 0.23 ± 0.29 0.20 ± 0.29 0.19 ± 0.29 0.70
 Roseburia 2 0.47 ± 0.14 0.48 ± 0.14 0.83 ± 0.14 * 0.73 ± 0.14 ^ 0.73 ± 0.14 ^ <0.01
 Lachnospira 2 0.49 ± 0.15 0.54 ± 0.15 0.80 ± 0.15 * 0.79 ± 0.15 * 0.76 ± 0.15 ^ 0.02
 Dialister 0.42 ± 0.31 0.44 ± 0.31 0.70 ± 0.32 0.74 ± 0.31 1.03 ± 0.31 * 0.01
 Clostridium 2 0.42 ± 0.08 0.52 ± 0.08 0.54 ± 0.09 0.58 ± 0.08 0.48 ± 0.08 0.24
 Streptococcus 2 0.17 ± 0.18 0.23 ± 0.18 0.17 ± 0.18 0.18 ± 0.18 0.11 ± 0.18 0.09
 Oscillospira 0.54 ± 0.07 0.54 ± 0.07 0.75 ± 0.07 * 0.53 ± 0.07 0.51 ± 0.07 0.02
Bacteroidetes 25.7 ± 2.13 27.1 ± 2.14 26.5 ± 2.30 25.7 ± 2.14 27.6 ± 2.19 0.90
 Bacteroides 19.2 ± 2.15 20.8 ± 2.15 20.4 ± 2.26 19.6 ± 2.15 20.6 ± 2.18 0.88
 Parabacteroides 1.31 ± 0.23 1.07 ± 0.23 0.89 ± 0.23 1.03 ± 0.23 0.93 ± 0.23 0.13
 Prevotella 2 0.03 ± 0.31 0.03 ± 0.31 0.04 ± 0.31 0.04 ± 0.31 0.03 ± 0.31 0.75
Actinobacteria 5.45 ± 1.05 4.51 ± 1.06 3.77 ± 1.11 4.09 ± 1.06 3.20 ± 1.07 0.16
 Bifidobacterium 3.68 ± 0.85 2.68 ± 0.85 2.71 ± 0.89 2.53 ± 0.85 2.04 ± 0.86 0.19
 Collinsella 2 0.14 ± 0.24 0.12 ± 0.24 0.12 ± 0.25 0.16 ± 0.24 0.13 ± 0.24 0.87
Verrucomicrobia 1.45 ± 0.34 1.16 ± 0.34 1.10 ± 0.36 1.25 ± 0.34 0.87 ± 0.35 0.44
 Akkermansia 1.45 ± 0.34 1.16 ± 0.34 1.10 ± 0.36 1.25 ± 0.34 0.87 ± 0.35 0.44
Proteobacteria 2.34 ± 0.51 1.93 ± 0.51 1.88 ± 0.55 1.75 ± 0.51 1.29 ± 0.52 0.45
n = 18 n = 18 n = 15 n = 18 n = 17

1 Values are least-square means ± pooled SEM; n = 15–18 participants in a crossover design. 2 Values are mean log-normalized sequence abundances ± SE. Treatment effects of genera representing ≥0.5% of the total sequences were evaluated by using a mixed-model ANOVA with post-hoc Dunnet’s adjustments for multiple comparisons. Comparisons were made to the control condition. * p ≤ 0.05 for comparison between the respective treatment condition and control condition; ^ p ≤ 0.1 for comparison between the respective treatment condition and control condition.