Table 3.
Summary of studies examining the effects of fructose, sucrose and isomaltulose on cognitive performance domains.
| CHO Source | Authors | Sample Size (Age) | Drink (Volume/Vehicle) | Design (Within or Between Subjects) |
Cognitive Outcomes | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verbal Episodic Memory | Working Memory | Attention | Recognition Memory | Problem Solving | Semantic Memory | Face Recognition | Verbal Fluency | Visuospatial Functioning | Executive Functioning | Psychomotor Function | Self-control | |||||
| Fructose | Miller et al. 2013 [24] | 36 (M = 23.25) | (300 mL) 25 g glucose vs. 25 g fructose vs. sucralose placebo | Between (3 h fast) | O | |||||||||||
| Sucrose | Kashimura et al. 2003 [117] | 14 (M = 40.2) | (200 mL) 40 g sucrose vs. 40 g Palatinose | Between (12 h fast) | O | |||||||||||
| Harte & Kanarek, 2004 [115] | 14 (18–20) | (227.3 mL) Lemonade (17 g sucrose) vs. aspartame placebo |
Within (2 h fast) | O ¹ | O | |||||||||||
| Gailliot et al. 2009 [108] | 56 | (397.7 mL) Sucrose vs. sucralose | Between | O ² | ||||||||||||
| Dye et al. 2010 [116] | 24 (18–32) | (429 mL) Milk-based drink containing isomaltulose vs. sucrose vs. water |
Within (overnight fast) | − | − | − | ||||||||||
| Isomaltulose | Kashimura et al. 2003 [117] | 14 (M = 40.2) | (200 mL) 40 g sucrose vs. 40 g Palatinose | Between (12 h fast) | O | |||||||||||
| Kashimura et al. 2003 [117] | 14 (M = 32.8) | (185 g) 5 g Palatinose vs. (180 g) 10 g Palatinose | Between (12 h fast) | O | ||||||||||||
| Dye et al. 2010 [116] | 24 (18–32) | (429 mL) Milk-based drink containing isomaltulose vs. sucrose vs. water |
Within (overnight fast) | − | − | − | ||||||||||
O Significant effect;—No effect; X Impairment; 1 Interactive, additive effects when combined with nicotine gum; 2 Reduced stereotyping and prejudice attitudes.