Table 2.
Frequency and Patterns of Fruit and Vegetable Intake in the MZIMA Cohort, N = 7953.
| Variable | Groups | Daily Fruit Intake a % (N) | No Daily Fruit Intake b % (N) | No Fruit Intake c % (N) | Daily Fruit Portions (Median (IQR)) | Daily Vegetable Intake a % (N) | No Daily Vegetable Intake b % (N) | No Vegetable Intake c % (N) | Daily Vegetable Portions (Median (IQR)) | Inadequate FV Intake d (%) | Chi Squared Test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | N/A | 15.4 (1227) | 72.1 (5734) | 12.5 (992) | 2 (2) | 44.2 (3516) | 54.3 (4318) | 1.5 (119) | 2 (1) | 82 | N/A |
| Sex | Male | 15.6 (440) | 72.7 (2064) | 11.8 (335) | 2 (2) | 34.7 (985) | 62.8 (1782) | 2.5 (72) | 1 (1) | 83 | 0.269 |
| Female | 15.4 (787) | 71.8 (3670) | 12.9 (657) | 2 (2) | 49.5 (2531) | 49.6 (2536) | 0.9 (47) | 2 (1) | 82 | ||
| Age | Below 25 | 16.1 (502) | 72.5 (2254) | 11.4 (355) | 2 (2) | 36.1 (1124) | 62.1 (1932) | 1.8 (55) | 1 (1) | 84 | <0.001 |
| 25–50 | 15.9 (572) | 72.6 (2603) | 11.5 (413) | 2 (2) | 46.4 (1665) | 52.1 (1872) | 1.4 (51) | 2 (1) | 82 | ||
| 50–60 | 17.8 (95) | 65.6 (351) | 16.6 (89) | 2 (2) | 55.2 (397) | 43.7 (314) | 0.9 (5) | 2 (1) | 76 | ||
| Above 60 | 8.1 (58) | 73.2 (526) | 18.8 (135) | 1 (1) | 55.2 (397) | 43.7 (314) | 1.1 (8) | 2 (1) | 84 | ||
| Education | No Education | 7.3 (81) | 71.1 (795) | 21.7 (242) | 1 (1) | 51.3 (573) | 47.1 (527) | 1.6 (18) | 2 (1) | 86 | 0.002 |
| Primary | 14.4 (631) | 73.7 (3231) | 12.0 (525) | 2 (2) | 45.5 (1996) | 53.3 (2336) | 1.3 (55) | 2 (1) | 82 | ||
| Secondary | 20.2 (441) | 70.3 (1537) | 9.5 (208) | 2 (2) | 38.1 (883) | 60.0 (1312) | 1.9 (41) | 1 (1) | 82 | ||
| Tertiary | 28.2 (74) | 65.3 (171) | 6.5 (17) | 2 (2) | 43.5 (114) | 54.6 (143) | 1.9 (5) | 1 (1) | 77 | ||
| Marital status | Never married | 15.7 (485) | 72.6 (2243) | 11.7 (360) | 2 (2) | 36.2 (1117) | 61.7 (1904) | 2.2 (67) | 1 (1) | 84 | 0.001 |
| Monogamous | 16.3 (627) | 72.1 (2718) | 11.3 (425) | 2 (2) | 47.6 (1796) | 51.4 (1937) | 1.0 (37) | 2 (1) | 81 | ||
| Polygamous | 14.9 (14) | 69.2 (65) | 16.0 (15) | 2 (2) | 55.3 (52) | 43.6 (41) | 1.1 (1) | 2 (1) | 79 | ||
| Widowed | 8.0 (37) | 69.2 (319) | 22.8 (105) | 1 (1) | 59.4 (274) | 39.3 (181) | 1.3 (6) | 2 (1) | 84 | ||
| Divorced | 11.9 (64) | 72.0 (389) | 16.1 (87) | 1 (2) | 51.3 (277) | 47.2 (255) | 1.5 (8) | 2 (1) | 85 | ||
| Work status | Working | 16.4 (780) | 71.8 (3415) | 11.8 (559) | 2 (2) | 47.4 (2252) | 51.3 (2437) | 1.4 (65) | 2 (1) | 80 | <0.001 |
| Not working | 14.0 (447) | 72.5 (2319) | 13.5 (433) | 2 (2) | 39.5 (1264) | 58.8 (1881) | 1.7 (54) | 2 (1) | 85 | ||
| Occupation | Farming, Fishing, Livestock | 12.0 (241) | 75.8 (1528) | 12.3 (248) | 2 (2) | 53.1 (1070) | 46.0 (928) | 0.9 (19) | 2 (1) | 82 | <0.001 |
| Small business | 18.0 (221) | 71.7 (876) | 10.2 (124) | 2 (2) | 45.5 (556) | 53.2 (649) | 1.3 (16) | 2 (1) | 79 | ||
| Large business | 30.5 (29) | 62.1 (59) | 7.4 (7) | 2 (3) | 47.4 (45) | 49.5 (47) | 3.2 (3) | 1 (1) | 71 | ||
| Professionals | 28.6 (105) | 64.0 (235) | 7.4 (27) | 2 (3) | 47.7 (175) | 52.0 (191) | 0.3 (1) | 1 (1) | 73 | ||
| Skilled manual labor | 20.4 (129) | 66.9 (418) | 12.5 (78) | 2 (2) | 40.0 (250) | 58.7 (367) | 1.3 (8) | 2 (1) | 80 | ||
| Unskilled manual labor | 12.8 (55) | 66.7 (299) | 17.5 (7) | 2 (2) | 36.4 (156) | 59.4 (255) | 4.2 (18) | 2 (1) | 87 | ||
| Not working | 14.0 (447) | 72.5 (2319) | 13.5 (433) | 2 (2) | 39.5 (1264) | 58.8 (1881) | 1.7 (54) | 2 (1) | 85 | ||
| Religion | Muslim | 15.6 (459) | 71.8 (2119) | 12.7 (374) | 2 (2) | 44.7 (1319) | 53.6 (1582) | 1.7 (51) | 2 (1) | 82 | 0.934 |
| Catholic | 14.9 (641) | 72.8 (3141) | 12.4 (535) | 2 (2) | 44.5 (1922) | 54.3 (2345) | 1.2 (50) | 1 (1) | 83 | ||
| Lutheran | 24.5 (36) | 60.5 (89) | 15.0 (22) | 2 (2) | 49.0 (72) | 50.3 (74) | 0.7 (1) | 1 (1) | 84 | ||
| Others | 17.0 (91) | 71.7 (385) | 11.4 (61) | 2 (2) | 37.8 (203) | 59.0 (317) | 3.2 (17) | 1 (1) | 83 | ||
| Migration | Non-migrants | 16.0 (527) | 71.4 (2357) | 12.6 (417) | 2 (2) | 44.8 (1478) | 54.2 (1788) | 1.1 (35) | 2 (1) | 82 | 0.151 |
| Migrants | 15.0 (700) | 72.6 (3377) | 12.4 (575) | 2 (2) | 43.8 (2038) | 54.4 (2530) | 1.8 (84) | 2 (1) | 83 | ||
| Ethnicity | Morogoro region | 14.2 (485) | 72.2 (2471) | 13.6 (466) | 2 (2) | 48.6 (1664) | 50.4 (1723) | 1 (35) | 2 (1) | 82 | 0.140 |
| Iringa region | 14.6 (132) | 73.8 (667) | 11.6 (105) | 2 (2) | 41.0 (371) | 58.2 (526) | 0.7 (7) | 1 (1) | 83 | ||
| Shinyanga/Mwanza/Tabora | 13.9 (76) | 76.2 (415) | 9.9 (54) | 2 (2) | 30.8 (168) | 65.5 (357) | 3.7 (20) | 2 (1) | 85 | ||
| Kilimanjaro/Arusha region | 24.2 (64) | 67.6 (179) | 8.3 (22) | 2 (3) | 37.4 (99) | 60.4 (160) | 2.3 (6) | 2 (1) | 78 | ||
| Ruvuma region | 15.4 (181) | 72.2 (851) | 12.5 (147) | 2 (2) | 45.3 (534) | 53.7 (633) | 1 (12) | 1 (1) | 81 | ||
| Coast region | 14.0 (71) | 70.9 (348) | 14.7 (72) | 2 (2) | 45.4 (223) | 52.6 (258) | 2.0 (10) | 2 (1) | 84 | ||
| Mbeya region | 17.3 (22) | 74.8 (95) | 7.9 (10) | 2 (2) | 32.3 (41) | 66.1 (84) | 1.6 (2) | 2 (1) | 87 | ||
| Other regions | 19.2 (196) | 69.4 (708) | 11.4 (116) | 2 (2) | 40.8 (416) | 56.8 (577) | 2.7 (27) | 1 (1) | 83 | ||
| Alcohol use | Not Daily | 15.3 (1187) | 72.3 (5615) | 12.4 (962) | 2 (2) | 43.9 (3409) | 54.6 (4239) | 1.5 (116) | 2 (1) | 83 | <0.001 |
| Daily | 21.2 (40) | 63.0 (119) | 15.9 (30) | 2 (3) | 56.6 (107) | 41.8 (79) | 1.6 (3) | 2 (1) | 72 | ||
| Smoking | Never | 15.7 (1119) | 72.5 (5167) | 11.9 (845) | 2 (2) | 44.4 (3164) | 54.3 (3870) | 1.4 (97) | 1 (1) | 82 | 0.630 |
| Former | 12.2 (30) | 71.8 (176) | 15.9 (39) | 2 (2) | 46.9 (115) | 49.0 (120) | 4.1 (10) | 2 (1) | 81 | ||
| Current | 13.5 (78) | 67.8 (391) | 18.7 (108) | 2 (2) | 41.1 (237) | 56.9 (328) | 2.1 (12) | 2 (1) | 84 | ||
| Healthcare use | No visits | 12.8 (407) | 73.0 (2322) | 14.2 (451) | 2 (2) | 38.0 (1208) | 60.4 (1919) | 1.7 (53) | 2 (1) | 85 | <0.001 |
| One visit | 16 (259) | 72.4 (1190) | 11.8 (194) | 2 (2) | 44.2 (726) | 54.2 (890) | 1.6 (27) | 2 (1) | 84 | ||
| Two visits | 16.4 (165) | 71.1 (714) | 12.5 (125) | 2 (2) | 47.7 (479) | 51.1 (513) | 1.2 (12) | 1 (1) | 82 | ||
| Three visits | 16.7 (156) | 73.2 (684) | 10.2 (95) | 2 (2) | 48.3 (452) | 50.7 (474) | 1.0 (9) | 2 (1) | 83 | ||
| Four visits | 18.0 (106) | 73.2 (432) | 8.8 (52) | 2 (2) | 50.7 (299) | 48.0 (283) | 1.4 (8) | 1 (1) | 79 | ||
| Five visits | 19.2 (41) | 65.4 (140) | 15.4 (33) | 2 (3) | 53.7 (115) | 44.9 (96) | 1.4 (3) | 1 (1) | 72 | ||
| Six visits and more | 24.0 (93) | 65.1 (252) | 10.6 (42) | 2 (3) | 61.2 (237) | 37.0 (143) | 1.8 (7) | 1 (1) | 69 |
IQR: interquartile range. N/A: not applicable. The chi-squared test refers to the comparison of inadequate FV intake across categories of socio-demographic and lifestyle variables; a Participants who reported daily consumption; b Participants who reported consumption on a less than daily basis; c Participants who reported no consumption; d Participants who reported consumption of less than 5 portions of fruits and/or vegetables per day.