Table 3.
Parent-Reported Quality of Life Scores of Patients With CDH Stratified by Characteristics at Birth, CDH Severity, and Major Lifetime Comorbid Conditions
| Characteristic | Patients (n) | Mean Overall Score (SD) | P Value* | Mean Physical Score (SD) | P Value* | Mean Psychosocial Score (SD) | P Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics at birth | |||||||
| Sex | 0.38 | 0.72 | 0.35 | ||||
| Male | 29 | 82.7 (15.4) | 82.9 (18.3) | 81.7 (16.0) | |||
| Female | 16 | 78.5 (13.5) | 81.0 (14.9) | 77.1 (14.5) | |||
| Probability of survival score | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.08 | ||||
| Low or intermediate | 14 | 75.5 (18.1) | 75.0 (20.1) | 74.0 (18.4) | |||
| High | 31 | 83.7 (12.5) | 85.4 (14.7) | 82.8 (13.3) | |||
| CDH type | 0.81 | 0.94 | 0.62 | ||||
| Liver down | 32 | 80.8 (13.4) | 82.1 (15.7) | 79.3 (14.3) | |||
| Liver up | 13 | 82.1 (18.3) | 82.5 (20.7) | 81.9 (18.5) | |||
| BPD | 0.003 | 0.01 | 0.007 | ||||
| Yes | 15 | 72.2 (19.2) | 73.3 (20.3) | 71.5 (20.0) | |||
| No | 30 | 85.7 (9.5) | 86.7 (13.4) | 84.4 (10.5) | |||
| Initial hospitalization, days | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.008 | ||||
| ≤ 30 | 24 | 86.9 (8.3) | 86.1 (14.1) | 86.4 (8.6) | |||
| 31–60 | 11 | 77.4 (10.3) | 81.4 (16.3) | 75.0 (10.1) | |||
| ≥ 61 | 10 | 71.3 (23.7) | 73.7 (22.3) | 70.4 (24.9) | |||
| Mechanical ventilation, days | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.12 | ||||
| ≤ 7 | 22 | 86.6 (8.8) | 88.5 (12.3) | 85.4 (9.4) | |||
| 8–21 | 13 | 78.4 (13.0) | 78.7 (15.6) | 76.8 (14.1) | |||
| ≥ 22 | 9 | 76.6 (20.0) | 75.2 (23.3) | 77.1 (19.6) | |||
| Postdischarge events | |||||||
| Hospitalizations, n | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.13 | ||||
| 0 | 12 | 86.8 (10.0) | 88.3 (9.5) | 85.8 (12.1) | |||
| 1–2 | 17 | 83.1 (10.2) | 86.3 (15.1) | 81.5 (10.0) | |||
| ≥ 3 | 16 | 74.9 (19.6) | 73.3 (20.2) | 74.3 (20.5) | |||
| Characteristics at testing | |||||||
| Age | 0.03 | 0.045 | 0.03 | ||||
| < 24 months | 8 | 83.8 (9.2) | 83.9 (7.8) | 83.7 (11.3) | |||
| 2–4 years | 7 | 93.2 (5.8) | 97.3 (4.9) | 90.7 (7.3) | |||
| 5–12 years | 18 | 74.5 (17.2) | 76.4 (19.0) | 72.5 (18.2) | |||
| ≥ 13 years | 12 | 82.4 (13.1) | 81.0 (18.5) | 82.8 (12.2) | |||
| Digestive issues | 0.06 | 0.046 | 0.07 | ||||
| Yes | 23 | 77.2 (17.2) | 77.3 (19.3) | 76.0 (17.9) | |||
| No | 22 | 85.4 (10.5) | 87.3 (12.7) | 84.3 (11.3) | |||
| Respiratory issues | 0.40 | 0.13 | 0.62 | ||||
| Yes | 29 | 79.8 (15.7) | 79.3 (17.8) | 79.2 (16.3) | |||
| No | 16 | 83.7 (13.0) | 87.4 (14.7) | 81.6 (14.1) | |||
| Orthopedic issues | 0.01 | 0.007 | 0.04 | ||||
| Yes | 6 | 67.0 (21.9) | 65.1 (23.4) | 68.1 (22.1) | |||
| No | 39 | 83.4 (12.3) | 84.8 (14.5) | 81.9 (13.6) | |||
| Neurologic issues | < 0.001 | 0.05 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yesa | 7 | 64.7 (22.6) | 70.8 (24.3) | 60.4 (21.1) | |||
| No | 38 | 84.2 (10.7) | 84.3 (14.8) | 83.7 (11.1) | |||
BPD Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, CDH Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, SD Standard deviation. All scores are expressed as mean (SD)
aAll 7 patients with CDH and neurologic issues had severe cognitive impairment; 1 patient also had cerebral palsy
*The given health-related quality of life score was compared across groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA)