Fig. 5.

Depiction of biochemical pathways involving high molecular weight kininogen (HK, blue circles) that schistosomes may disrupt (red). HK is a cofactor in the conversion of coagulation factor XII to its active form (Factor XIIa) and the conversion factor XI to its active form (Factor XIa). HK is also involved in the Factor XIIa cleavage of prekallikrein to its active form, kallikrein. Finally, HK is cleaved by kallikrein to generate bradykinin. Cleavage of HK by parasites has the potential to disrupt all of these pathways