Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Author, years | Country | Treatments | N (sample) | Duration (weeks) | Main outcome measures | Age (years) | Male (%) | Jadad score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aghamohammadi, 2011 [25] | Iran | Vitamin B9 5 mg/day Placebo |
70 | 8 | MDA; TAC; vitamin concentration | 58.7 ± 7.2 55.6 ± 9.3 |
100 | 3 |
| Anderson, 2006 [26] | Wales | Vitamin C 1000 mg/day Placebo |
20 | 6 | TBARS | 52.7 ± 6.9 53.6 ± 7.9 |
40.0 | 2 |
| Antoniades, 2004 [27] | Greece | Vitamin C 2000 mg/day Placebo |
17 | 4 | Vitamin concentration; TNF | 48.5 ± 6.6 52.6 ± 5.9 |
58.8 | 1 |
| Ble-Castillo, 2005 [28] | United States | Vitamin E 800 IU/day Placebo |
33 | 6 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; MDA; GPx | 51.3 ± 14.0 55.3 ± 11.6 |
0 | 2 |
| Chen, 2006 [29] | United States | Vitamin C 800 mg/day Placebo |
32 | 4 | Blood glucose; vitamin concentration | 50.0 ± 1.0 | 40.6 | 3 |
| Dalan, 2016 [30] | Singapore | Vitamin D 4000 IU/day Vitamin D 2000 IU/day Placebo |
64 | 16 | HbA1c; vitamin concentration; GSH | 52.2 ± 8.2 54.8 ± 10.8 |
51.6 | 5 |
| Gariballa, 2013 [31] | Arab Emirates | Vitamin complex (B, C, E) Placebo |
100 | 12 | MDA; TNF; vitamin concentration | 52 (44–56) 51 (42–60) |
41.0 | 2 |
| Haghighat, 2014 [32] | Iran | Vitamin E enriched canola oil 15 ml/day Placebo oil | 45 | 8 | CRP; NO | 55.9 ± 5.9 55.2 ± 5.6 |
26.7 | 2 |
| Hejazi, 2015 [33] | Iran | Vitamin E 400 IU/day Placebo |
27 | 6 | Blood glucose; MDA | 48.0 ± 6.3 46.6 ± 7.6 |
26.0 | 3 |
| Jamalan, 2015 [34] | Iran | Vitamin C 1000 mg/day Vitamin E 300 mg/day |
80 | 4 | Blood glucose; CRP; TNF | 52.0 ± 8.0 | 100 | 2 |
| Jorde, 2009 [35] | Norway | Vitamin D 40,000 IU/week Placebo |
32 | 24 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; vitamin concentration | 57.7 ± 9.7 54.8 ± 5.9 |
56.2 | 2 |
| Lai, 2008 [36] | Japan | Chromium 1000 µg Vitamin E 800 IU + chromium Placebo |
30 | 24 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; SOD; CAT; TBARS; TAS; GPx | 53.2 ± 2.0 51.5 ± 1.7 50.5 ± 1.9 |
46.7 | 3 |
| Lu, 2005 [37] | Sweden | Vitamin C 3000 mg/day Placebo |
20 | 2 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; IL-6 | – | 60.0 | 2 |
| Mahmoudabadi, 2014 [38] | Iran | Eicosapentaenoic acid 500 mg/day Vitamin C 200 mg/day Vitamin C + eicosapentaenoic acid Placebo |
81 | 8 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; vitamin concentration; SOD; MDA; TAC; GPx | 54.0 ± 5.0 53.0 ± 5.0 52.0 ± 6.0 50.0 ± 8.0 |
100 | 2 |
| Manzella, 2001 [39] | Italy | Vitamin E 600 mg/day Placebo |
50 | 16 | HbA1c; TBARS | 64.3 ± 4.7 65.1 ± 3.9 |
– | 3 |
| Mason, 2016 [40] | Australia | Vitamin C 1,000 mg/day Placebo |
13 | 16 | Insulin; GSH; IL-6 | 59.4 ± 3.5 | 92.3 | 3 |
| Mazloom, 2011 [41] | Iran | Vitamin C 1,000 mg/day Placebo |
27 | 6 | Plasma lipid parameters; MDA | 47.0 ± 8.9 46.6 ± 7.6 | 42.1 | 2 |
| Mullan, 2002 [42] | United Kingdom | Vitamin C 500 mg/day Placebo |
30 | 4 | Plasma lipid parameters; LDL-ox | 61.0 ± 6.5 57.9 ± 6.6 |
73.4 | 3 |
| Nikooyeh, 2011/2014 [43, 44] | Iran | Yogurt (150 mg calcium/250 mL) Vitamin D fortified (150 mg calcium + 500 IU/250 mL) Vitamin D fortified (250 mg of calcium + 500 IU/250 mL) *Two bottles/day = 500 mL/day |
90 | 12 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; vitamin concentration; SOD; MDA | 50.8 ± 6.6 51.4 ± 5.4 49.9 ± 6.2 |
38.9 | 2 |
| Paolisso, 2000 [45] | Italy | Vitamin E 600 mg/day Placebo |
40 | 8 | TBARS; vitamin concentration | 58.3 ± 6.4 56.7 ± 5.3 |
52.5 | 3 |
| Park, 2002 [46] | Korea | Vitamin E 200 mg/day Placebo |
98 | 8 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; SOD; CAT | 49.4 ± 9.3 49.5 ± 10.1 |
59.2 | 2 |
| Reaven, 1995 [47] | United States | Vitamin E 1600 lU/day Placebo |
21 | 10 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; LDL-ox | 60.8 ± 6.1 61.8 ± 8.4 |
100 | 2 |
| Shab-Bidar, 2015 [48] | Iran | Vitamin D fortified Yogurt 500 UI, 500 ml/day Yogurt | 100 | 12 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; SOD; MDA; TAC; GSH | 52.6 ± 6.3 52.4 ± 8.4 |
43.0 | 3 |
| Sugden 2007 [49] | United Kingdom | Vitamin D 100,000 UI/day Placebo | 34 | 8 | HbA1c; vitamin concentration; NO | 64.9 ± 10.3 63.5 ± 9.5 |
52.9 | 5 |
| Tessier, 2009 [50] | Canada | Vitamin C 500 mg/day Vitamin C 1000 mg/day Placebo |
36 | 12 | Plasma lipid parameters; GSH | 72.0 ± 5.0 72.0 ± 4.0 71.0 ± 4.0 |
22.2 | 3 |
| Vafa, 2015 [51] | Iran | Vitamin E enriched canola oil 15 ml/day Canola oil | 45 | 8 | Blood glucose; MDA; TAC | 55.9 ± 5.9 55.2 ± 5.6 |
73.3 | 4 |
| Winterbone, 2007 [52] | United Kingdom | Vitamin E 1200 IU α-tocopherol/day Placebo | 19 | 4 | Blood glucose; insulin; vitamin concentration | 62.7 ± 1.8 61.9 ± 1.9 |
100 | 2 |
| Witham, 2010 [53] | United Kingdom | Vitamin D3 100,000 IU/day Vitamin D3 200,000 IU/day Placebo |
41 | 16 | HbA1c; vitamin concentration; GSH | 65.3 ± 11.1 63.3 ± 9.6 66.7 ± 9.7 |
67.2 | 3 |
| Wu, 2007 [54] | Australia | Vitamin E α-tocopherol 500 mg/day Vitamin E mixed tocopherols 500 mg/day Placebo |
55 | 6 | SOD; GPx | 64.0 ± 7.0 58.0 ± 4.0 62.0 ± 7.0 |
74.5 | 2 |
| Yiu, 2013 [55] | China | Vitamin D 500 IU/day Placebo |
100 | 12 | Blood glucose; HbA1c; SOD | 65.8 ± 7.3 64.9 ± 8.9 |
50.0 | 4 |
CAT catalase; CRP C-reactive protein; GPx glutathione peroxidase; GSH glutathione; HbA1c glycated hemoglobin; IL-6 interleukin; LDL-ox oxidized low-density lipoprotein; MDA malondialdehyde; NO nitric oxide; SOD superoxide dismutase; TAC total antioxidant capacity; TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF tumor necrosis factor