Figure 1.

Schematic summary of Klebsiella pneumoniae, host cell response, and intracellular signaling. Capsular polysaccharide plays a critical role in infection, antiphagocytosis, and evading the host innate immune pathways. Additional virulence factors include other outer membrane proteins and siderophores. Antimicrobial resistance contributes to worse outcomes but has limited overlap with markers of virulence. Plasmid-encoded antimicrobial resistance or virulence harbors the potential for novel hypervirulent carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae clones. Abbreviations: GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFNs, interferons; IRAK, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase; IL-12, interleukin 12; IL-17, interleukin 17, IL-23, interleukin 23; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; TLR, toll-like receptor.