Table 2.
Prevalence Differences in the Type-specific HPV Concordance Between Partners Predicted by Linear Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE) Regression, Conditional on Either Partner, the Woman, or the Man Being HPV DNA Positive
| Conditional on either partner HPV DNA positive | Conditional on woman HPV DNA positive | Conditional on man HPV DNA positive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Crude PD (%) (95% CI) |
Adjusteda PD (%) (95% CI) |
Crude PD (%) (95% CI) |
Adjusteda PD (%) (95% CI) |
Crude PD (%) (95% CI) |
Adjusteda PD (%) (95% CI) |
| Y chromosome DNA | ||||||
| No | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Yes | 12.6 (5.0, 20.0) | 0.1 (−7.9, 8.1) | 16.9 (7.9, 25.9) | 4.2 (−4.5, 12.9) | 7.8 (−0.6, 16.2) | −4.1 (−13.5, 5.3) |
| Days since woman’s last reported vaginal sexb | ||||||
| 0–1 | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| 2 | −6.2 (−15.9, 3.4) | −7.1 (−16.6, 2.3) | −2.4 (−13.4, 8.6) | 0.2 (−10.6, 10.2) | −8.9 (−19.2, −1.4) | −10.2 (−20.3, −0.1) |
| 3 | −10.5 (−23.2, 2.3) | −7.9 (−19.9, 4.2) | −9.5 (−24.8, 5.8) | −4.5 (−19.6, 10.5) | −11.6 (−25.8, 2.5) | −10.0 (−24.1, 4.1) |
| 4 | −24.0 (−41.2, −6.8) | −28.6 (−41.2, −16.1) | −18.9 (−46.9, 9.1) | −24.7 (−43.8, −5.7) | −30.9 (−48.9, −13.0) | −36.1 (−53.6, −18.7) |
| 5–7 | −20.4 (−34.1, −6.8) | −17.0 (−29.9, −4.0) | −21.4 (−39.2, −3.6) | −14.8 (−30.1, 0.5) | −21.4 (−38.2, −4.6) | −19.3 (−37.2, −1.4) |
| 8–14 | −25.5 (−36.8, −14.2) | −26.5 (−40.0, −12.9) | −21.4 (−37.7, −5.2) | −25.0 (−42.3, −7.8) | −30.8 (−45.9, −15.7) | −27.8 (−45.6, −10.1) |
| ≥15 | −3.5 (−26.2, 19.1) | 6.5 (−16.2, 29.2) | −13.8 (−38.3, 10.7) | −1.1 (−25.6, 23.4) | 7.2 (−16.8, 31.3) | 11.7 (−17.5, 40.9) |
| Condom use with HITCH partnerc | ||||||
| Never (0%) | 26.6 (12.4, 40.9) | 22.6 (9.7, 35.6) | 39.3 (23.0, 55.6) | 33.0 (19.1, 46.9) | 13.7 (−3.3, 30.7) | 11.9 (−4.8, 28.6) |
| Rarely (1%–25%) | 24.7 (14.2, 35.2) | 22.5 (12.7, 32.3) | 32.7 (18.8, 46.7) | 23.9 (10.8, 36.9) | 15.7 (2.1, 29.4) | 15.6 (2.3, 28.9) |
| Sometimes (26%–75%) | 16.3 (5.4, 27.3) | 15.3 (5.7, 24.9) | 20.6 (6.2, 35.0) | 13.8 (0.5, 27.2) | 11.7 (−3.0, 26.3) | 13.7 (−0.4, 27.7) |
| Most times (76%–99%) | 13.0 (0.1, 25.8) | 12.8 (2.8, 22.8) | 17.0 (−0.2, 34.2) | 14.5 (−0.6, 29.5) | 10.5 (−5.8, 26.8) | 12.8 (−2.4, 28.1) |
| Always (100%) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Average frequency of vaginal sex acts (/week)c | ||||||
| ≤2 | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| >2–4 | −0.1 (−11.4, 10.2) | −6.8 (−16.9, 3.2) | −7.4 (−22.0, 7.2) | −17.9 (−31.7, −4.1) | 4.3 (−8.5, 17.2) | −0.0 (−14.3, 14.2) |
| >4 | 13.1 (2.8, 23.4) | −1.8 (−13.0, 9.4) | 7.1 (−6.3, 20.4) | −13.0 (−27.6, 1.5) | 15.8 (3.7, 27.9) | 2.4 (−12.3, 17.0) |
| Pooled frequency of oral sex both partners performed on each otherd | ||||||
| Never/rarely (0%–25%) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | |||
| Sometimes (26%–75%) | 6.2 (−5.2, 17.5) | 9.0 (−4.7, 22.7) | 2.9 (−10.9, 16.7) | |||
| Most times (76%–99%) | 5.7 (−5.8, 17.1) | 7.4 (−6.5, 21.3) | 2.5 (−11.6, 16.5) | |||
| Always (100%) | 8.1 (−17.0, 33.1) | 9.1 (−19.6, 37.8) | 3.5 (−25.7, 32.7) | |||
| Pooled frequency of digital sex both partners performed on each otherd | ||||||
| Never/rarely (0%–25%) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Sometimes (26%–75%) | 9.3 (−4.7, 23.3) | 5.9 (−7.4, 19.1) | 4.9 (−12.0, 21.7) | 0.1 (−16.0, 16.3) | 12.8 (−5.2, 30.8) | 6.2 (−10.0, 22.3) |
| Most times (76%–99%) | 8.8 (−4.8, 22.4) | 5.6 (−7.5, 18.7) | 0.6 (−15.8, 17.0) | −0.0 (−15.8, 15.8) | 15.4 (−2.3, 33.0) | 8.9 (−7.4, 25.1) |
| Always (100%) | 21.5 (3.6, 39.4) | 20.4 (2.9, 37.8) | 14.7 (−4.7, 34.2) | 11.6 (−6.0, 29.1) | 20.7 (−0.1, 42.0) | 19.1 (0.7, 37.6) |
| Concurrent partners (woman) | ||||||
| No | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | |||
| Yes | 0.1 (−9.8, 10.0) | −2.1 (−14.0, 9.8) | 1.6 (−9.2, 12.4) | |||
| Concurrent partners (man) | ||||||
| No | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | |||
| Yes | −4.4 (−15.2, 6.4) | −3.4 (−16.8, 10.1) | −5.8 (−18.2, 6.5) | |||
| Woman’s lifetime number of sex partners (per additional log)e | 2.3 (−9.1, 13.7) | f | 7.1 (−5.2, 19.5) | |||
| Man’s lifetime number of sex partner (per additional log)e | 6.2 (−2.1, 14.6) | 6.4 (−0.2, 13.0) | 14.0 (4.7, 23.2) | 13.1 (5.7, 20.6) | f | |
| Cumulative number of vaginal sex acts with HITCH partner (per additional log)c,e | 10.3 (6.8, 13.8) | 7.3 (−0.5, 15.0) | 17.0 (14.8, 19.2) | 13.9 (4.3, 23.6) | 5.3 (−3.5, 14.1) | 2.5 (−7.0, 12.1) |
Abbreviations: HPV, human papillomavirus; PD, prevalence difference; CI, confidence interval; ref, reference category.
aAdjusted in linear GEE regression models for Y chromosome DNA positivity in woman’s vaginal sample, days since woman’s last reported vaginal sex, condom use, frequency of vaginal sex, frequency of digital sex, man’s number of lifetime partners (except for model conditioned on man being HPV positive), and cumulative number of vaginal sex acts.
bLatest date between any of the following: last date of vaginal sex woman reported with male HITCH partner, last date of vaginal sex her male HITCH partner reported with her, last date she reported vaginal sex with concurrent partners.
cAverage of both partners’ reports.
dAverage of woman’s reported frequency of giving, woman’s reported frequency of receiving, man’s reported frequency of giving, and man’s reported frequency of receiving oral or digital sex.
eModels included both the linear and log-transformed lifetime number of sexual partners and cumulative number of sex acts as predictors.
fNot considered for model inclusion as analyses are already conditioned on that gender being HPV DNA positive.